It is a well-known fact that China is famous for cheap goods, and by manufacturing any goods cheaply, China sells its goods all over the world and is weakening the economy of the whole world. To maintain its reputation in the field of electric vehicles, China is selling cheap cars all over the world. Because of this, American President Joe Biden has proposed a 100% tax on Chinese cars. This step is to protect the US carmakers from cheap imports.
As per the sources, this is a preventive measure to stop the flood of Chinese goods in the U.S. market. A four-year review will follow this.
Range of Tariff on Electric Vehicles & Others:
On electric vehicles, the tariff will increase from 25% to 100%, a tax increase from 7.5%to 25% will be on lithium batteries, a 0 (zero) to 25% rise on critical minerals, and 25% to 50%, and 25% to 50% on Semiconductors.
U.S. President Joe Biden said that the increased tax is a proportionate response to China’s overloading capacity of the electric vehicle sector. As per the record, china produces 30m electric vehicles every year but manages a domestic sale of only 22m to 23m.
The new tariffs will kick in after 90 days– a period that will be closely watched for signs of tit-for-tat retaliation by China. White House sources said the aim was not to escalate trade tensions but to help parts of the US economy where there had been a cycle of disinvestment.
Beginning this year, all lithium-ion EV batteries from China will be subject to a 25% import duty.
According to Reuters, Chinese electric vehicle manufacturers have benefitted from $57 billion in government subsidies between 2016 and 2022, leading to an overproduction of Electric Vehicles, creating artificially low pricing that could choke out global competitors.
China’s response:
In response, China’s state spokesperson news outlet published an editorial, accusing the US of “discouraging fair trade and environmental protection”, while saying that US consumers would endure the most of the tariffs.
“Unfortunately, the United States is a country that advertises open economy and free trade, but its actions are against its words. It also promises that it does not seek to decouple from China and hinder China’s development, but its practices tell another story,”
Biden’s Reply:
Biden said he was “not looking for a fight with China” but that the US needed to stand up to China’s “unfair economic practices and industrial overcapacity”. “I’m looking for competition, but fair competition,” he said.
U.S. politicians and manufacturers already see Chinese Electric Vehicles as a serious threat.
Biden said, “My administration is combining investments in America with tariffs that are strategic and targeted. It’s a smart approach,”
The administration will also double tariffs on Chinese solar cell imports to 50%, a move meant to counter China’s dominance of solar production, which currently comprises about 70% of the global market.
The Biden administration says the move is an effort to protect American workers against unfair Chinese trade practices.“Bottom line, I want fair competition with China, not conflict,” Biden said. “And we’re in a stronger position to win that economic competition in the 21st century against China than anyone else because we’re investing in America again.”
Conclusions:
This is a very normal thing that any country to adopt whatever rules and regulations are possible to strengthen its economy and to grow and protect its manufacturing sector and tries to grow its economy. America is a strong country. Whatever appropriate rules it takes to counter China’s unfair trade policy and sell cheap and low-quality products in its country, it is a successful policy.
The U.S. government on Friday loosened some rules governing Electric Vehicles tax credits, potentially making more EVs eligible for credits of up to $7,500 but leading critics to accuse the Biden administration of helping China.
The Treasury Department announced final regulations for the credits under the 2022 Inflation Reduction Act, giving automakers more time to comply with some provisions about where battery minerals can come from.
Electric Vehicles Credit Range:
The credits range from $3,750 to $7,500 for new EVs. There’s also a $4,000 credit for used ones.
They’re aimed at juicing demand for EVs in an effort to reach a Biden administration goal that half of all new vehicle sales be electric by 2030. This year the credits are available at the time a vehicle is purchased from an authorized dealer rather than waiting for an income tax refund.
Qualifying for the credits depends on a person’s income, the price of the vehicles and requirements related to battery makeup and minerals that get tougher each year. To get the credits, EVs must be assembled in North America. Some plug-in hybrids also can qualify.
Starting this year, complex rules are being phased in to promote development of a domestic electric vehicle supply chain. The rules would limit EV buyers from claiming the full tax credit if they purchase cars containing battery materials from China and other nations “of concern” that are considered hostile to the United States. Those include Russia, North Korea and Iran.
Under the final rule, however, small amounts of graphite and other minerals used in batteries would be exempt from the restriction until 2027, because their country of origin is nearly impossible to trace, officials said. Without the exemption, some vehicles that met nearly all of the requirements could get knocked out of tax credit eligibility due to tiny amounts that couldn’t be traced, Treasury said.
The National Mining Association slammed the new exemptions as a giveaway to China.
“Congress created these tax incentives to secure our supply chains and generate American jobs while supporting EV adoption. They did not intend for loopholes to be created that essentially amount to a blank check from the American taxpayer to China,” said Rich Nolan, the mining lobby’s president and CEO.
West Virginia Sen. Joe Manchin, the Democratic chairman of the Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee, said that through the new rule, the Biden administration “is effectively endorsing ‘made in China.’ ”
Manchin, who played a key role in passage of the Inflation Reduction Act, President Joe Biden’s landmark climate law, said the law specifically prohibits EVs that contain materials from foreign adversaries such as China and Russia from being eligible for the tax credit after 2024. “But now Treasury has provided a long-term pathway for these countries to remain in our supply chains. It’s outrageous and illegal,″ he said.
This year half of the critical minerals in an EV’s battery have to be mined or processed in the U.S., or a country with which it has a free trade agreement. Sixty percent of the battery parts have to be made or assembled in North America.
Starting in 2025, batteries with any critical minerals from nations of concern would not be eligible for any tax credits. But after getting comment from the auto industry and others, treasury officials decided to loosen that restriction.
The rule issued Friday is likely to make more EVs eligible for credits in 2025 and 2026, but the auto industry says that’s difficult to tell until automakers finish tracing the origin of all the minerals.
“The Electric Vehicles transition requires nothing short of a complete transformation of the U.S. industrial base,” John Bozzella, CEO of the Alliance for Automotive Innovation, a large industry trade group, said in a statement. “That’s a monumental task that won’t – and can’t – happen overnight.”
The rule change, he said, “makes good sense for investment, job creation and consumer EV adoption.”
At present, China dominates crucial parts of EV battery supply and production, even as automakers race to establish key mineral and components efforts elsewhere.
Of 114 EV models currently sold in the U.S., only 13 qualify for the full $7,500 credit, the automotive alliance said.
Despite the tax credits, sales of electric vehicles grew only 3.3% to nearly 270,000 from January through March of this year, far below the 47% growth that fueled record sales and a 7.6% market share last year. The slowdown, led by Tesla, confirms automakers’ fears that they moved too quickly to pursue EV buyers. The EV share of total U.S. sales fell to 7.15% in the first quarter, according to Motorintelligence.com.
“The Inflation Reduction Act’s clean vehicle credits save consumers up to $7,500 on a new vehicle, and hundreds of dollars per year on gas, while creating good paying jobs and strengthening our energy security,” Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen said in a statement.
A well-known and established name in the Indian two-wheeler industry, Bajaj Auto is gearing up to surprise the market with its upcoming launch of a CNG motorcycle. This is a revolutionary development, which offers a potentially more cost-effective and eco-friendly alternative fuel to replace the traditional gasoline or petrol engine bikes. This CNG motorcycle is to hit the Indian road in June 2024.
Fossil fuel prices are rising continuously and are becoming a major concern for Indian customers. Bajaj CNG motorcycle will be a good cost-effective alternative proposal for Indian two-wheeler consumers. Compressed natural gas is comparatively cheaper than petrol, and even saves running costs. CNG is more environmentally friendly than petrol and emits fewer pollutants like hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide.
Features and specifications of CNG Motorcycle:
As per the Industry reports and the speculations, the expected features and specifications may be:
Engine:
The most tested and tried 110cc engine, currently used for the Bajaj Platina bike might be used for the new CNG bike in a modified version. This engine in its petrol version delivers 806 BHP of power and 9.5 Nm of torque. Though the performance figure for the CNG version might differ because of changes in fuel.
Mileage:
One of the key attractions of CNG vehicles is their superior fuel efficiency. Experts anticipate the Bajaj CNG motorcycle to offer significantly higher mileage compared to its petrol counterpart, potentially translating to substantial savings on fuel costs.
Pricing Strategy:
Bajaj is known for its focus on affordability, and the CNG motorcycle is expected to follow suit. Industry estimates suggest a starting ex-showroom price of around Rs 80,000, making it an attractive option for budget-conscious buyers.
Possible expected benefits of CNG MOtorcycle for the Customers :
Reduced Running Costs:
Lower CNG prices compared to petrol can significantly reduce fuel expenses, leading to substantial savings in the long run.
Eco-friendliness:
Cleaner burning CNG can contribute to improved air quality, especially in congested urban areas.
Wider Range:
The CNG option provides riders with a broader selection of fuel choices, catering to individual preferences and fuel availability.
Challenges and Considerations of CNG Motorcycle:
CNG Availability:
The availability of CNG filling stations across India, particularly in rural areas, might be a limiting factor initially.
Range:
CNG vehicles typically have a shorter range compared to their petrol counterparts. This might necessitate more frequent refuelling, especially for long journeys.
Performance:
The power output of the CNG engine might be slightly lower compared to the petrol version, potentially impacting acceleration and overall performance.
Table: Key Considerations for Bajaj’s CNG
Motorcycle:
Feature
Expectation
Engine
Modified 110cc engine (based on Platina)
Power
Potentially slightly lower than petrol variant
Mileage
Expected to be significantly higher than petrol
Price
Starting ex-showroom price of around Rs 80,000
Benefits
Lower running costs, eco-friendly
Challenges
CNG availability, range, performance
Conclusions:
Alternative fuel vehicles like electric vehicles, Hybrid vehicles and CNG vehicles specially three wheelers and four wheelers are popular and making a remarkable presence in all over the world as well as in the Indian Market. The effort and initiatives made by the Bajaj auto is definitely a appreciable job towards a sustainable and eco-friendly environment. This will be a cost effective for the Indian consumers and it will definitely a revolution in the two wheelers industry in India.
According to a report, the major auto manufacturer in the United States, FORD is planning to re-enter the Indian auto market by focusing on electric vehicles. The Hindu Business Line reported that the global automaker Ford, which departed India in 2021, is working on a return to the Indian Market with a focus on hybrid and electric vehicles, by using its manufacturing facility in Chennai for the production of these cars. Times of India reported that the car manufacturer Ford has applied for design patents for a sleek, modern midsize SUV. This design is considered to compete with already existing popular models like Hyundai Creta, Kia Seltos, and Maruti Suzuki Grand Vitara.
Source: https://images.wsj.net/ Ford has updated its outlook for 2024. PHOTO: ANGUS MORDANT/BLOOMBERG NEWS
Ford Electric Vehicles Planning:
Recently, the company has patented the design for its upcoming Endeavour SUV, which will carry the Everest Moniker.
The company is in the process of recruiting personnel for its Chennai factory.
Moreover, Ford has secured the trademark for “Mustang Mach-E” in India. It is expected that Ford may come back by introducing its electric crossover to rival other premium electric vehicles like the Mercedes EQE, BMW iX, and the Audi Q8 e-tron.
The majority of consumers of mid-size passenger cars are hesitant to go for electric vehicles because of their high price and very few marked charging infrastructure. In this view, the automaker has also cut production and prices of its battery-powered Mustang Mach-E, while it pivots to boost the output of gas-electric hybrid models.
As Bloomberg reported, The Company has recently stopped deliveries of its F-150 Lightning plug-in pickup for an undisclosed quality issue. In an official statement, the automaker said it stopped shipping the Lightning on February 9 to ensure the quality. The Company said, “We expect to ramp up shipments in the coming weeks as we complete thorough launch quality checks to ensure these new F-150s meet our high standards”.
According to the report of last month, it is predicted that the Indian market of Electric Vehicles (EVs) is expected to grow at a compound Annual Growth Rate of 35 % with expected annual volumes to touch 27.2 million units by 2032.
The central government’s commitment to promoting an indigenous Electric Vehicle ecosystem is evident in the approval of a 3.5 billion US dollar production-linked incentive (PLI) scheme for the manufacturing of automobiles and auto components, promoting the development of the electric vehicle supply chain in the country.
Conclusions:
The Indian market of electric vehicles is growing and many major car manufacturers are investing to develop their establishment and the infrastructure in India to capture the broad market of India. That’s why the Major car manufacturer Ford is rethinking and planning to rejuvenate its existing plant and machinery already at Chennai.
Hoping the best for the Ford and the Indian as well as the global market for the alternative fuel vehicle and the electric vehicles.
The batteries of Electric cars are facing trouble in cold weather and this affects their performance. The batteries are being discharged soon and taking a long time to recharge again.
Certain temperature windows are optimal for batteries in terms of their life span and effective capacity. If the battery can be kept within this window without the need to cool or heat, it will perform at its best and give the electric car the longest possible range.
In cold weather, the batteries became cool and it required additional support to reach the optimum operating temperature. In addition, the battery contributes to heating the car interior at that time, which increases the electricity consumption slightly.
Source: https://www.skoda-storyboard.com/en/
However, with a few simple steps, the user can ensure that consumption is minimized again and the battery operates in a way that does not negatively impact its overall life. It is similar to the various pieces of advice on extending the life of internal combustion engines in conventional cars, only most of the advice relates to something slightly different.
1. Preheating the Electric cars and the battery:
One ideal way to reduce an electric car‘s consumption, especially on shorter journeys, is to preheat both the car and the battery. It is particularly ideal to switch and preheat when charging the car.
Source: https://www.skoda-storyboard.com/en/
2. Efficient Heating of electric cars:
Even heating the electric car itself can be done efficiently to keep consumption as low as possible. For example, using seat or steering wheel heating is more efficient in terms of keeping the occupants warm than heating the cabin air alone. The heating can be turned down to a lower temperature and comfort can be provided by, for example, warming the seats.
Source: https://www.skoda-storyboard.com/en/
3. Smart Parking:
In the cold morning, it is generally essential to heat the car before taking a start. To avoid or minimize this, it either is always advisable to park your car in a garage or sheltered place. It is also advisable to connect your car in charge to preheat at a desired temperature while parking it.
Source: https://www.skoda-storyboard.com/en/
4. Anticipatory Parking:
The goal of anticipatory parking in this context would be to optimize the EV driving experience by reducing the time spent searching for parking spaces, promoting efficient use of energy, and potentially contributing to overall traffic management. Particular is the driver who has the biggest influence on an electric car’s range. In winter, anticipatory driving is more important than ever. As well as providing, a longer range is also safer on winter roads. So keep a safe distance from the cars ahead. Slow down smoothly for corners and use a driver assistance system to help you drive at even speed.
Source: https://www.skoda-storyboard.com/en/
5. Tyre Condition is Important:
Tyre maintenance in winter is very essential for safety and optimal performance. The tyre pressure, traction, and overall durability are significantly affected by the condition of tyre and its pressure.
Source: https://www.skoda-storyboard.com/en/
6. No Unnecessary Cargo:
A higher cargo weight means more energy is needed to move it. So make sure that you don’t have unnecessary items in your car that increase energy consumption.
Source: https://www.skoda-storyboard.com/en/
7. Ecco Mode:
Electric cars have a special Eco mode that limits certain functions and power consumption, thus extending the range. This Ecco system can also be used in winter for the optimum result.
Source: https://www.skoda-storyboard.com/en/
8. Ideal equipment for winter:
Special equipment can also help electric cars to extend their range. Suitable winter tyres with low rolling resistance or LED headlights can reduce consumption. An optional heat pump can be used for heating to reduce consumption compared to conventional electric heating.
Cold weather causes challenges for electric vehicle owners. Electric Vehicles are getting frozen in cold weather. It is experienced by many electric vehicle drivers and even experts say that cold weather is causing a 30% loss in battery range and an increased charge time (approx. Triple) for electric vehicles.
Electric vehicles are facing problems like fall in performance, less battery life, bigger charge times, etc.
In a city like Pennsylvania in the United States, cold weather is causing serious problems for electric vehicle owners. In winter weather at extreme cold, the batteries of electric vehicles are going discharge faster and take much extra time to recharge it again.
An electric car owner at a Tesla charging station near Chicago shared that “I was at 50% when I got here and usually it takes 10 to 15 minutes to charge from 50 to 80, 90% but now in the cold it is taking an hour and 20 minutes for the same.
Reason for Battery-Troubles of Electric Vehicles in Cold:
Source: Tricky_Shark/Shutterstock.com
The experts of electric battery and fuel cells states the cold weather is causing organic chemical reactions within the chemical substances of the electric battery and that slows down its performance exponentially. The experts say battery range for electric vehicles can be reduced by up to 30% in the cold and at zero degrees can lose 10 times the amount of power. The re-charging of the batteries can take double and even triple times in the cold.
As told by the battery & fuel cells specialist and Chair Professor at Penn State’s Department of Material Science and Engineering, Mr. Chao- Yang Wang, told, “The chemistry in the battery will slow down almost exponentially with the decreasing temperature”.
As of now, the current electric vehicle charging infrastructure is less in number and at are far in distance which is also a trouble for the electric vehicle owner to go for a long in the cold.
The characteristics of lithium-ion batteries are very sensitive to excess temperature in cold weather. The battery-making companies are working continuously to develop better technology to nullify the existing defects and improve the performance of electric vehicles for all climates.
Electric vehicle (EV) batteries can experience challenges in cold weather due to several factors:
Most electric vehicles use lithium-ion batteries, which are sensitive in case of excess temperatures. The efficiency of the lithium-ion batteries decreases in cold weather and the capacity to provide and accept the charge weakens. The chemical reactions within the battery become slower in colder temperatures and decrease the overall performance.
2. Reduced Energy Storage Capacity:
The energy storage capacity of lithium-ion batteries is minimal in cold weather. And when the temperature drops, the internal resistance of the battery rises, and it creates difficulty for electrons to move within the cells and the overall energy output of the battery decreases.
3. Increased Internal Resistance:
The internal resistances of the batteries are high in cold temperatures, which causes higher losses during the charging and discharging processes. This internal resistance can cause the battery to heat up during the process and this may further reduce the overall efficiency of the battery.
4. Charging Limitations:
In cold weather during charging the battery, gets overheated, and due to this reason, it takes longer time to charge the battery of the electric vehicles.
5. Range Reduction:
In cold, the battery energy of electric vehicles is used for heating the systems, which affects significantly the driving, range of the electric vehicles.
Solution of Electric Vehicles Battery Low Charge in Cold Weather:
Battery pre-conditioning:
To overcome the impact of cold weather on electric vehicle batteries, many electric vehicles are now coming with the facility of battery pre-conditioning systems. These systems are used to heat and the battery before starting the vehicle, which improves the performance of the battery.
Experts suggest using the pre-condition setting offered in some electric vehicles to optimize the battery performance in cold weather. Drivers should also ensure a full charge and keep their electric vehicles in warmer condition when not in use as possible.
Whenever electric vehicle drivers notice that their vehicles are performing less in the cold, They should know to practice some necessary tips to maximize the battery life and better performance.
Conclusions:
The electric vehicle market is growing globally and many different players like Tesla, BYD, Toyota, Hyundai, Mercedes, and many more are involved in manufacturing and R&D.
Despite, the current battery technology has trouble in combating the issue; however, innovations are going on by different institutions. The scientific solution to this problem is available but it will take time for the automobile industries to implement it practically. It is expected that within four to five years this problem will go away completely.
By the time, a basic preparatory work is required to do before you make a trip, like checking you’re a battery at its full charge capacity, and pre-heating of the vehicle.
The top-selling electric car manufacturers of India in the year 2023 are Tata Motors, MG Motor, Mahindra & Mahindra, Hyundai, and the fifth one of the PSA group Citreon. The Indian Brand Tata Motors is leading in the list with a total of four models of its electric vehicles and of price range between Rs.8.69 for its base model to Rs.19.94 lakh of its upper model cars. The other best-selling brands are MG at position two, Mahindra & Mahindra at position three and Hyundai achieved position four followed by the PSA group Citeron at position fifth.
The details of the top-selling brand and models are as discussed below:
1. Tata Motors Electric Car (Tata.ev):
Tata Motor is the leading electric car manufacturer in India. Tata Motors has recently renamed its electric vehicles as Tata ev. The company is currently offering four models in India as Tata Punch ev, Nexon ev, Tiago ev, and Tigor ev.
Top 5 Tata Electric Cars in India:
Sl. No.
Model
Price In New Delhi
(i)
Tata Punch ev
Rs. 10.99-15.49 Lakh
(ii)
Tata Nexon ev
Rs. 14.74-19.94 Lakh
(iii)
Tata Tiago ev
Rs. 8.69-12.04 Lakh
(iv)
Tata Tigor ev
Rs. 12.49-13.75 lakh
(i)Tata Punch EV:
Tata Punch ev is the most popular electric car of Tata Motors with a price range of Rs.10.99 to Rs.15.49 Lakh.
(ii) Tata Nexon EV:
Next is the Tata Nexon ev with a price range between Rs.14.74 to Rs.19.94 lakh. The all-new Nexon ev is the game changer EV representing a stunning leap forward in design, cabin comfort, performance, technology, and safety.
(iii) Tiago EV:
Tata Motors Tiago. ev is the cheapest model of Tata Motors with a starting price of Rs. 8.69 Lakh. It comes with awesome interiors and features that make every drive super exciting. Tata Motors is the Top-selling 4W electric vehicle manufacturer in India.
iv) Tigor. ev:
Tigor. ev is another popular electric vehicle of Tata Motors and is coming in a price range of Rs. 12.49-13.75 lakh.
2. MG Motor Electric Car:
MG Motor offers two electric cars in India in the form of ZS EV electric SUV and Comet EV – India’s most affordable electric car. MG came second in the month of August ’23 with 1,150 EVs sold.
(i) MG ZS EV:
MG ZS EV electric vehicle is a sports utility vehicle, its base model starts at Rs. 22.88 lakh, and the top model goes up to Rs.26.00 Lakh. Its battery range is 461 km. Battery capacity is 50.3 KWh and its battery takes 16 hours to charge at its full capacity.
(ii) MG Comet Electric Car:
The MG Comet is an ultra-compact, electric city hatchback that wows with its design and usable city driving range. The Comet EV starts with a price of Rs. 7.98 Lakh and the top model price goes up to Rs. 10.63 Lakh (Avg. ex-showroom). The battery range is 230km and its charging time is 7 hours at 220 volts.
3. Mahindra & Mahindra:
Mahindra & Mahindra is the third in the electric vehicle segment with just one model XUV 400.
Mahindra XUV400 EV price starts at Rs. 15.49 Lakh and the top model price goes up to Rs. 19.39 Lakh. XUV400 EV is offered in 7 variants – the base model of XUV400 EV is EC Pro 345 kWh and the top model is Mahindra XUV400 EV EL Fast Charger DT.
4. Hyundai Electric Car:
Hyundai India Motors has launched two electric cars in Indian Market-:
(i) Hyundai Kona Electric:
This car is the most popular model of Hyundai with a price range of Rs 23.84 lakh to Rs. 24.03 lakh.
The driving range of the Hyundai Kona is 452 km with a battery of 08 years and approx. 160000 km warranty.
There are 2 Hyundai Electric cars currently available for sale at starting price Rs 23.84 Lakh Lakh. The most popular Hyundai Electric cars are Hyundai Kona Electric (Rs. 23.84 – 24.03 Lakh), Hyundai IONIQ 5 (Rs. 45.95 Lakh). To know more about the latest prices and offers of the best Hyundai Electric cars in your city, specifications, pictures, mileage, reviews and other details, please select your desired car model from the list below.
(ii) Hyundai Ioniq 5:
The Hyundai Ioniq 5 is an electric vehicle with all the necessary and luxurious features with ease of drivability and good range. It’s base price starts at 46.05 lakh.
The Hyundai Ioniq5 and Kona electric vehicles helped Hyundai EV to be placed fourth place in the Indian electric vehicles market in the year 2023.
4. PSA Group Citroen:
PSA Groupe currently offers one EV in India i.e. the Citroen eC3. In February 2023, Citroën India launched an electric variant of C3 under the name Ë-C3. The car was launched about 6 months after the C3’s launch. Its stated range is 320 kilometers (200 mi) per charge. Citroen managed to sell 111 units of the eC3 in the Indian market last month. Citroen was in fifth place in the electric vehicles Indian Market.
6. BYD:
BYD is a Chinese car manufacturer and it was listed at sixth position in Indian Electric Vehicles market in the year 2023 by selling a total number of 93 units of Its Atto 3 electric SUV and e6 MPV.
The BYD cars in India starts from Rs. 29.15 Lakh for It’s E6 model and the other model Atto 3 comes with a price range of Rs 33.99lakh to 34.49 lakh.
Conclusion:
India is leading in its electric vehicles manufacturing market under the banner of Make in India, and Tata Motors is representing and proving at its full capacity and the innovative technologies. In Indian market, the electric cars are also available at an affordable price of Rs8.96 lakh to a premium range also.
An electric vehicle (EV) is an automobile that makes use of one or more electric power system to propel the vehicle. The electric vehicles are powered by the energy stored in a collector system of an extravehicular source. Even they could be powered independently by using a battery (every so often charged with the aid of solar panels, or with the aid of changing gasoline to energy the use of gasoline cells or a generator).
Electric vehicles comprise street and rail motors, submerged vessels, electric-powered spacecraft, and planes. Electric vehicles were first introduced in the late nineteenth century, while energy became a few of the desired strategies for motor automobile propulsion. Internal combustion engines have been the main propulsion technique for automobiles for the last hundred years, whereas, electric-powered energy has remained common in different automobiles like trains and smaller motors.
Different Types of Electric Vehicles are:
1. Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV):
A battery unit charged by electricity solely powers the battery electric vehicle. The battery electric vehicles entirely depend on the electricity stored in the battery, for power to run the vehicles and there is no internal combustion engine to propel or give power to the wheels of these vehicles.
The battery electric vehicles are charged by plugging into an electric power source at home or the charging station.
Figure 1 Battery Electric Vehicle
Component of Battery Electric Vehicle:
1. Electric Motor:
Electric motor is the primary propulsion system in the battery electric vehicle. The electric motor converts battery electrical energy into mechanical energy to the wheel of the vehicle.
2. Battery Pack:
The battery pack is the collection of individual cells that store electrical energy. These cells are usually lithium-ion batteries. The size and capacity of the battery pack determine the range of vehicles.
3. Power Inverter:
In electrical vehicles, the alternating current (A.C) powers the electric motor. The direct current (DC) from the battery is converted into alternating current by the power inverter.
4. Charging Port:
In battery-electric vehicles, there is a charging port, which is provided to recharge the battery through an external power source. There may be different types of connectors depending on the charging infrastructure.
5. Onboard Charger:
The onboard charger converts the AC power from the external source into DC power suitable for charging the battery.
6. Thermal Management System:
The thermal management system is essential for maintaining optimal operating temperatures of both the battery and the electric motor. This system helps to ensure the long life and effectiveness of electrical components like the battery and the motor.
7. Vehicle Control Unit (VCU) and Battery Management System (BMS):
The vehicle control unit manages various vehicle functions and the battery management system monitors and manages the state of charge, temperature, and the overall health of the battery.
Working Principles of Battery Electric Vehicles:
The working principles of battery electric vehicles can be described as explained below:
1. Charging:
The battery electric vehicle is charged by plugging it into an external power source. The onboard charger converts AC power from the source into DC power to charge the battery.
2. Battery Storage:
The battery stores the electrical energy into chemical form. The energy is later converted back to electricity to power the electric motor.
3. Discharging:
When the driver accelerates the vehicle, the VCU (Vehicle Control Unit) sends signals to the power inverter, which converts DC power from the battery into AC power for the electric motor.
4. Propulsion:
The electric motor uses this electrical energy to generate mechanical energy, driving the wheels and propelling the vehicle.
5. Regenerative Braking:
During braking. The electric motor can act as a generator, converting kinetic energy back into electrical energy. This energy is then fed back into the battery, enhancing the overall efficiency.
2. Fuel –Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV):
A fuel-cell electric vehicle is an electric vehicle that uses a fuel cell to generate electricity on board. These vehicles generate electricity through a chemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen in a fuel cell.
The hydrogen and oxygen in water produce electricity and release heat as a byproduct. A fuel cell vehicle also known as a hydrogen fuel cell vehicle operates on a different principle compared to battery electric vehicles.
The most common type of fuel cell used in FCEVs is the proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell.
Figure 2.a. Hydrogen Fuel Electric Vehicle Layout
Figure 2.b Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Block Diagram.
Component of Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles:
1. Fuel Cell Stack:
The fuel cell stack is the heart of an FCEV. It consists of multiple individual fuel cells that use a chemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity. The most common type of fuel cell for FCEVs is the proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell.
The chemical reaction is 2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O + electrical energy.
2. Hydrogen Tank:
The fuel cell electric vehicles store compressed gas in high-pressure tanks. The hydrogen is then delivered to the fuel cell stack when needed.
3. Power Control unit:
The power control unit manages the flow of electrical power between the fuel cell stack and the electric motor. It may include power electronics to regulate the voltage and current for optional performance.
4. Electric Motor:
These fuel vehicles are equipped with an electric motor that is powered by the electricity generated in the fuel cell stack. This motor drives the wheel of the vehicle.
5. Battery (optional):
In some FCEVs, a small battery can be included to store excess energy generated by the fuel cell stack. This battery can provide additional power during acceleration or other high–demand situations.
6. Air Intake:
For the electrochemical reaction with hydrogen, the FCEVs pull the atmospheric air through the air intake system to provide the necessary oxygen to the fuel cell.
7. Water Vapour Release:
The byproduct of the chemical reaction in the fuel cell is water vapor, which is released as part of the vehicle’s emissions.
Working Principles of Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles:
1. Hydrogen Intake:
Compressed hydrogen gas is taken from the high-pressure storage tank and fed into the fuel cell stack.
2. Electrochemical Reaction:
In the fuel cell stack, hydrogen reacts with oxygen from the air to produce electricity, water vapor, and heat. The generated electricity that powers the electric motor.
3. Electricity Generation:
The electric motor uses the generated electricity to propel the vehicle. The electric motor works like that of battery electric vehicles.
4. Water Vapor Release:
The only emission from a fuel cell vehicle is water vapor, making it a clean and environmentally friendly option.
5. Regenerative Braking:
Similar to battery electric vehicles, some Fuel cell electric vehicles incorporate regenerative braking, where the electric motor acts as a generator during braking to recover energy and charge the battery if present.
Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles are considered environmentally friendly because they produce zero emissions at the tailpipe, and their only byproduct is water vapor. However, challenges include the development of a hydrogen infrastructure for refueling and the energy-intensive process of producing hydrogen.
3. Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle:
A plug-in hybrid vehicle is a type of hybrid vehicle that combines features of both traditional internal combustion engine vehicles and battery electric vehicles. Plug-in hybrid vehicles have the ability to operate on electric power alone for a certain distance and can also use an internal combustion engine for longer journeys. The key feature of a PHEV is its ability to be charged by plugging into an external power source.
Figure 3 Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Component of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles
1. Electric Motor:
PHEVs are equipped with an electric motor that can propel the vehicle using electricity stored in a battery. The electric motor works in tandem with the internal combustion engine.
2. Battery Pack:
PHEVs have a larger battery pack compared to traditional hybrids, allowing them to store more electrical energy for extended electric-only driving. The battery is typically charged by plugging into an electric power source.
3. Internal Combustion Engine:
PHEVs also have a traditional internal combustion engine, usually powered by gasoline or diesel, which provides additional range when the battery is depleted.
4. Charging Port:
PHEVs are equipped with a charging port that allows the vehicle to be connected to an external power source, such as a standard electrical outlet or a dedicated charging station.
5.Onboard Charger:
The onboard charger converts AC power from the external source into DC power suitable for charging the battery.
6.Power Control Unit (PCU):
The PCU manages the power flow between the electric motor, the battery, and the internal combustion engine, optimizing efficiency and performance.
7. Regenerative Braking:
PHEVs often feature regenerative braking, where the electric motor acts as a generator during braking to convert kinetic energy back into electrical energy, which is then used to charge the battery.
Working Principle of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles:
1.Electric-Only Mode:
In electric-only mode, the PHEV operates using electricity stored in the battery. This mode is suitable for shorter trips and can be used for commuting or driving in urban areas.
2. Hybrid Mode:
When the battery charge is depleted or additional power is needed for high-demand situations, the internal combustion engine kicks in, and the vehicle operates in a hybrid mode. In this mode, both the electric motor and the internal combustion engine work together to provide power to the wheels.
3. Charging:
PHEVs can be charged by plugging into an electric power source. The battery can be charged overnight using a standard electrical outlet or more quickly using a dedicated charging station.
4.Fueling:
For longer trips or when the battery is depleted, PHEVs can be fueled like traditional vehicles at gas stations, using gasoline or diesel.
PHEVs offer a balance between the benefits of electric-only driving and the flexibility of a traditional internal combustion engine, making them a suitable choice for drivers who want to reduce their fuel consumption and emissions without sacrificing the convenience of longer driving ranges.
3. Mild Hybrid Electric Vehicle
A Mild Hybrid Electric Vehicle (MHEV) is a type of hybrid vehicle that incorporates a small electric motor to assist the internal combustion engine. Unlike full hybrid or plug-in hybrid vehicles, MHEVs cannot operate on electric power alone for an extended period; instead, the electric motor provides support to the conventional engine. The primary purpose of the electric motor in MHEVs is to improve fuel efficiency and reduce emissions.
Figure 4 full Hybrid and mild hybrid vehicles
Components of Mild Hybrid Electric Vehicle:
1.Electric Motor:
MHEVs have a small electric motor that assists the internal combustion engine during acceleration and other high-demand situations. This motor is generally not powerful enough to propel the vehicle on its own.
2.Battery:
MHEVs feature a small battery, typically with a lower capacity than the batteries in full hybrid or plug-in hybrid vehicles. The battery stores energy captured during braking and deceleration, which is then used to assist the engine.
3.Start-Stop System:
Many MHEVs are equipped with a start-stop system, where the internal combustion engine turns off when the vehicle is stationary, such as at traffic lights. The electric motor helps restart the engine quickly and smoothly when needed.
4. Regenerative Braking System:
MHEVs often employ regenerative braking, similar to full hybrid vehicles. The electric motor acts as a generator during braking, converting kinetic energy into electricity, which is then used to charge the small battery.
5. Power Assistance:
The electric motor provides additional power during acceleration, reducing the load on the internal combustion engine and improving overall fuel efficiency.
Working Principle of MHEVs:
1. Idle Start- Stop:
When the vehicle comes to a stop, the internal combustion engine is automatically turned off to save fuel. The small electric motor helps restart the engine quickly when the driver releases the brake or presses the accelerator.
2. Acceleration Assistance:
During acceleration, the electric motor provides additional power to assist the internal combustion engine, reducing fuel consumption.
3. Regenerative Braking System:
When the driver applies the brakes, the electric motor acts as a generator, capturing energy during deceleration. This energy is used to charge the small battery.
4. Battery Assistance:
The stored electrical energy in the small battery is used to provide additional power to the electric motor during acceleration or other situations where extra power is required.
MHEVs offer fuel efficiency benefits without the need for external charging. They are often positioned as a cost-effective and simpler alternative to full hybrids or plug-in hybrids, providing some of the advantages of electrification without significant changes to the vehicle’s overall design or driving experience.
Present Scenarios of Alternative Fuel Vehicles In India
Factors Driving The Shift To Greener Mobility
Affordability & Maintenance
Conclusions
Introductions:
Alternative fuel vehicles may be defined as a vehicle that is powered by any fuel other than conventional petroleum fuels (diesel or petrol).The term “alternative fuel,” as defined by the U.S. Department of Energy and the Energy Policy Act of 1992, refers to-:
biodiesel,
electricity,
ethanol,
hydrogen,
natural gas,
propane,
and new fuels, still under development
Why Alternative Fuel Vehicles:
India is the third-largest user of transport automobiles in the world and 70% of its transport energy need is fulfilled by importing fossil fuels.
“The aim is to gradually shift to fuels, which are import substitutes, cost-effective, indigenous and pollution-free.
Conventional Fuels are limited and depleting.
The conventional fuel (gasoline) is not renewable and a day will come when our vehicles will be useless with an empty stomach as there will be no fuel to fill in. Therefore, it is necessary to go for an alternative solution.
Alternative Fuels are Pollution-free
Alternative fuel vehicles do not emit harmful exhaust gases like carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, particulate matter, and sulfur dioxide as well as ozone-producing emissions.
Protect against global warming
Burning fossil fuels causes a temperature rise in the earth’s atmosphere i.e. global warming.
To Save Money
Alternative fuels are less expensive in terms of the cost of fuel and maintenance of the vehicle.
Present Scenarios of Alternative Fuel Vehicles In India:
As per the Economic Times Report, 20% of cars sold in metros run on alternate fuels; sales doubled in the last 3 years.
Present Scenarios of Alternative Fuel Vehicles In India:
The Economic Times report said that the market share of alternative vehicles increased to reach 12.95 percent in urban centers this year. And this was only 4.68 percent in 2020.
Rural areas have also seen a shift on similar lines where the market share for vehicles operating on alternate powertrains rose to 8.39 percent from 3.75 percent during the same period,
Certainly, this growing acceptance of hybrid and electric vehicles hit the combined share of diesel and petrol vehicles and has gone down by 8.27 percent in Urban and 4.64 percent in rural markets.
Factors driving the shift to greener mobility:
Government push and rebates to both the manufacturers and the end users, resulted in the car manufacturers launching more electric-powered vehicles, along with the expansion of CNG dispensing stations and growing charging infrastructure for EVs, which are driving the shift away from conventional fossil fuels.
Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid and) Electric Vehicles (FAME) – I and II:
FAME, or Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid and) Electric vehicles, is currently India’s flagship scheme for promoting electric mobility
In its 2nd phase of implementation, FAME-II is being implemented on 1st April 2019 with a budget allocation of 10,000 Cr.
Two Wheeler: Rs 15000/- per kWh up to 40% of the cost of vehicles
Two Wheeler: 2 kWh
2.
Three Wheeler: Rs 10000/- per kWh
Three Wheeler: 5 kWh
3.
Four Wheeler : Rs 10000/- per kWh
Three Wheeler: 15 kWh
4.
E Buses: Rs 20000/- per kWh
E Buses: 250 kWh
5.
E Trucks: Rs 20000/- per kWh
E Truck: 250 kWh
The government has initiated work on the third phase of the Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid &) Electric Vehicles in India (FAME-III) financial support scheme, which is likely to encompass alternative fuel vehicles,
According to a senior government official, there is a proposal to incorporate vehicles powered by alternative sources such as hydrogen and biofuels along with electric vehicles in the upcoming phase of FAME.
“The objective is to shift away from conventional polluting vehicles, and the incentive for alternative fuels aims to encourage the transition from internal combustion engine (ICE) to cleaner technology,” government officials observed
As per the ET report, the Managing director of Tata Motors passenger vehicle and Passenger electric mobility, “Diesel in any case is declining.
He added that for us, we are very clear that we have defined our net zero in 2040, which means a very fast acceleration of EVs.”
Affordability & Maintenance of Electric Car:
Running Cost of Tata Tiago Electric Car:
Monthly Charging Cost Rs. 750
Daily Charging Cost Rs. 25
Per KM charging Costs Rs. 0.5
This cost is calculated based on charging the vehicle at a rate of 6.5/ units of electricity and assuming a daily run of 50 kilometers.
Maintenance of Electric Car:
As there is no internal combustion engine and no moving parts, the wear and tear is zero, hence no need to keep regular maintenance like filling mobile oil, coolant, etc.
Only periodic Tyre and battery maintenance is required in all-electric vehicles.
Conclusion:
Many Indian manufacturers like Maruti and Tata Motors are working towards doubling their EV portfolio and offering different electric vehicles in the next few months.
The share of diesel vehicles has dropped to 15 percent from the peak of 88 percent,
The share of electric vehicle sales has risen to 14-15 percent.
The EV share is likely to grow further to 25 percent by 2027 and 50 percent by the end of the decade.
India is moving rapidly towards sustainability. Electric vehicle sales and market growth are the result of the reflection of sustainability. The transition towards sustainability reflects the growth in the Indian electric vehicles market and the sales growth. As per the report of JMK research, a promising growth trend is displayed in the month of September 2023, with an impressive sales surge of 36%. As per the report and the data from the Vahan dashboard and industry research, there is a month-on-month increase of approximately 1% in the sales of Electric vehicles, totaling 127,735 units.
The electric vehicle registrations including all-electric two-wheelers, passenger three-wheelers, and electric cars, in September 2023 are 90.85% of the total vehicle registrations for the month.
In September 2023, Electric Vehicle Sales according to category:
Hi-speed electric two-wheelers have experienced a remarkable increase in their sales. In September 2023, the Hi-Speed electric two-wheelers (HSE2W) sales growth in India was approximately 2% compared to the previous month and it went 63,715 units. A significant 90.75% of the total registrations for the month of September 2023 and compared to September 2022, HS E2W sales showed a surge of 20.22%.
Top Electric vehicle, High-Speed E2W Players in September 2023:
Ola Electric is the leader in the field of electric two-wheelers segment and it has maintained its leadership position with a sale of 18635 units in the month of September 2023. Ola Electric has an extensive 29.2% market share and TVS Electric has secured a second position in this category. Revolt is also in the top ten players for the month.
Electric Vehicle Three-Wheeler (E3W) Sales Trends:
Good and impressive sales were recorded in September 2023 for the passenger and the cargo electric three-wheelers (E3W). A 2.4% month-on-month increase in the sale of passenger electric three-wheelers (E3W) was recorded with sales of 52337 units. Cargo E3W sales reached 5107 units but there was a decline of 9.6% compared to the previous month. In addition, the overall electric three-wheeler (E3W) sales recorded a month-on-month rise of around 1.2%. On a year-on-year basis, passenger Electric three-wheeler (E3W) sales in September 2023 increased by around 56%, while cargo E3W sales grew by over 90% compared to September 2022.
Top E3W Players’ Monthly Sales:
Among passenger and cargo segments, the top eight electric three-wheeler players accounted for a substantial 35.63% share of the global electric three-wheeler (E3W) market. Mahindra holds the top position with an 8.64% market share, followed by YC Electric (6.96%) and Saera Electric Auto (5.47%).
Electric Cars and Buses:
In the electric car segment, Tata Motors dominates and its market share is 68.85%. However, electric car (E-Car) sales had a slight month-on-month drop of roughly 9.9% in September 2023. In fact, electric bus (E-bus) sales exhibited promise with a 26% year-on-year increase, totaling 258 units for September 2023. Tata Motors also led the Electric-bus category with a 65.50% market share.
Conclusion:
The Indian Electric vehicle market is growing rapidly with remarkable growth in its different important segments and addressing the national vow towards sustainable and green transportation solutions. The innovative transition towards sustainable development and the electric mobility future of India is a positive outcome.
