A well-known and established name in the Indian two-wheeler industry, Bajaj Auto is gearing up to surprise the market with its upcoming launch of a CNG motorcycle. This is a revolutionary development, which offers a potentially more cost-effective and eco-friendly alternative fuel to replace the traditional gasoline or petrol engine bikes. This CNG motorcycle is to hit the Indian road in June 2024.
Fossil fuel prices are rising continuously and are becoming a major concern for Indian customers. Bajaj CNG motorcycle will be a good cost-effective alternative proposal for Indian two-wheeler consumers. Compressed natural gas is comparatively cheaper than petrol, and even saves running costs. CNG is more environmentally friendly than petrol and emits fewer pollutants like hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide.
Features and specifications of CNG Motorcycle:
As per the Industry reports and the speculations, the expected features and specifications may be:
Engine:
The most tested and tried 110cc engine, currently used for the Bajaj Platina bike might be used for the new CNG bike in a modified version. This engine in its petrol version delivers 806 BHP of power and 9.5 Nm of torque. Though the performance figure for the CNG version might differ because of changes in fuel.
Mileage:
One of the key attractions of CNG vehicles is their superior fuel efficiency. Experts anticipate the Bajaj CNG motorcycle to offer significantly higher mileage compared to its petrol counterpart, potentially translating to substantial savings on fuel costs.
Pricing Strategy:
Bajaj is known for its focus on affordability, and the CNG motorcycle is expected to follow suit. Industry estimates suggest a starting ex-showroom price of around Rs 80,000, making it an attractive option for budget-conscious buyers.
Possible expected benefits of CNG MOtorcycle for the Customers :
Reduced Running Costs:
Lower CNG prices compared to petrol can significantly reduce fuel expenses, leading to substantial savings in the long run.
Eco-friendliness:
Cleaner burning CNG can contribute to improved air quality, especially in congested urban areas.
Wider Range:
The CNG option provides riders with a broader selection of fuel choices, catering to individual preferences and fuel availability.
Challenges and Considerations of CNG Motorcycle:
CNG Availability:
The availability of CNG filling stations across India, particularly in rural areas, might be a limiting factor initially.
Range:
CNG vehicles typically have a shorter range compared to their petrol counterparts. This might necessitate more frequent refuelling, especially for long journeys.
Performance:
The power output of the CNG engine might be slightly lower compared to the petrol version, potentially impacting acceleration and overall performance.
Table: Key Considerations for Bajaj’s CNG
Motorcycle:
Feature
Expectation
Engine
Modified 110cc engine (based on Platina)
Power
Potentially slightly lower than petrol variant
Mileage
Expected to be significantly higher than petrol
Price
Starting ex-showroom price of around Rs 80,000
Benefits
Lower running costs, eco-friendly
Challenges
CNG availability, range, performance
Conclusions:
Alternative fuel vehicles like electric vehicles, Hybrid vehicles and CNG vehicles specially three wheelers and four wheelers are popular and making a remarkable presence in all over the world as well as in the Indian Market. The effort and initiatives made by the Bajaj auto is definitely a appreciable job towards a sustainable and eco-friendly environment. This will be a cost effective for the Indian consumers and it will definitely a revolution in the two wheelers industry in India.
The Union Government of India has approved a scheme to promote India as a manufacturing hub for electric vehicles. The policy is designed to attract foreign investments with the latest technology for electric vehicles manufacturing by the reputed global electric vehicle manufacturers, such as Tesla, Vin-Fast, BYD, Kia, Škoda, BMW, and Mercedes-Benz.
Electric Vehicle at Charging Port
This policy will provide Indian consumers with access to the latest technology. This will also boost the Make in India initiative, and strengthen the electric vehicle ecosystem by promoting healthy competition among electric vehicle manufacturers. This will generate a high volume of production with lower production costs and lower the sale price. It helps to reduce the import of crude oil, lower trade deficit, reduce air pollution, especially in cities, and have a positive impact on health and the environment.
This new policy mandates the manufacturers to invest a minimum of Rs 4,150 crore ($500 million)in the country and will give three years to set up local manufacturing for Electric vehicles with at least 25% of the parts and components to be procured from the local market of India only.
Companies that meet these requirements will be allowed to import 8,000 EVs a year at a lower import duty of 15% on cars costing $35,000 and above. India levies a tax of 70% or 100% on imported cars depending on their value.
The move is expected to provide access to the latest technology enhance the EV ecosystem and support the Make in India initiative, the statement issued by the government said. The duty waiver on Electric Vehicles, which can be imported is capped at the annual PLI incentive (Rs 6,484 crore) or the investment made by the entity, whichever will be lower.
Photo: Bloomberg
A quick summary of what the new policy necessitates: –
Minimum investment required:
The minimum investment required is Rs 4,150 crore ($500 million) with no limit on maximum Investment.
Timeline for manufacturing:
The timeline for manufacturing is 3 years for setting up manufacturing facilities in India to start commercial production of electric-vehicles and reach 50% domestic value addition (DVA) within 5 years at the maximum.
Domestic value addition (DVA) during manufacturing:
A localization level of 25% by the 3rd year and 50% by the 5th year will have to be achieved.
Custom Duty:
The customs duty of 15% (as applicable to CKD units) would be applicable on vehicle of minimum CIF value of USD 35,000 and above for a total period of 5 years subject to the manufacturer setting up manufacturing facilities in India within a 3-year period.
The duty foregone on the total number of EV allowed for import would be limited to the investment made or Rs 6,484 crore (equal to incentive under PLI scheme) whichever is lower. A maximum of 40,000 EVs at the rate of not more than 8,000 per year would be permissible if the investment is of $800 million or more. The carryover of unutilised annual import limits would be permitted.
The investment commitment made by the company will have to be backed up by a bank guarantee in lieu of the custom duty forgone.
The Bank guarantee will be invoked in case of non-achievement of DVA and minimum investment criteria defined under the scheme guidelines.
According to a report, the major auto manufacturer in the United States, FORD is planning to re-enter the Indian auto market by focusing on electric vehicles. The Hindu Business Line reported that the global automaker Ford, which departed India in 2021, is working on a return to the Indian Market with a focus on hybrid and electric vehicles, by using its manufacturing facility in Chennai for the production of these cars. Times of India reported that the car manufacturer Ford has applied for design patents for a sleek, modern midsize SUV. This design is considered to compete with already existing popular models like Hyundai Creta, Kia Seltos, and Maruti Suzuki Grand Vitara.
Source: https://images.wsj.net/ Ford has updated its outlook for 2024. PHOTO: ANGUS MORDANT/BLOOMBERG NEWS
Ford Electric Vehicles Planning:
Recently, the company has patented the design for its upcoming Endeavour SUV, which will carry the Everest Moniker.
The company is in the process of recruiting personnel for its Chennai factory.
Moreover, Ford has secured the trademark for “Mustang Mach-E” in India. It is expected that Ford may come back by introducing its electric crossover to rival other premium electric vehicles like the Mercedes EQE, BMW iX, and the Audi Q8 e-tron.
The majority of consumers of mid-size passenger cars are hesitant to go for electric vehicles because of their high price and very few marked charging infrastructure. In this view, the automaker has also cut production and prices of its battery-powered Mustang Mach-E, while it pivots to boost the output of gas-electric hybrid models.
As Bloomberg reported, The Company has recently stopped deliveries of its F-150 Lightning plug-in pickup for an undisclosed quality issue. In an official statement, the automaker said it stopped shipping the Lightning on February 9 to ensure the quality. The Company said, “We expect to ramp up shipments in the coming weeks as we complete thorough launch quality checks to ensure these new F-150s meet our high standards”.
According to the report of last month, it is predicted that the Indian market of Electric Vehicles (EVs) is expected to grow at a compound Annual Growth Rate of 35 % with expected annual volumes to touch 27.2 million units by 2032.
The central government’s commitment to promoting an indigenous Electric Vehicle ecosystem is evident in the approval of a 3.5 billion US dollar production-linked incentive (PLI) scheme for the manufacturing of automobiles and auto components, promoting the development of the electric vehicle supply chain in the country.
Conclusions:
The Indian market of electric vehicles is growing and many major car manufacturers are investing to develop their establishment and the infrastructure in India to capture the broad market of India. That’s why the Major car manufacturer Ford is rethinking and planning to rejuvenate its existing plant and machinery already at Chennai.
Hoping the best for the Ford and the Indian as well as the global market for the alternative fuel vehicle and the electric vehicles.
The battery-powered vehicle system plays a very important role in reducing carbon emissions to the environment. Even though there are many other ways also to achieve carbon-neutral mobility than adopting battery-powered electric vehicles.
Now, battery-powered transport systems are playing a major role in shifting toward carbon-neutral mobility. Even though researchers are continuously involved in developing other ways also to achieve the goal of no or minimum carbon emission drivelines.
Below are the 05 key alternative fuels other than battery electric vehicles:
1. Hydrogen Electric Vehicle (HEV):
Hydrogen is a ready-to-use option for both the combustion engine and the fuel cells, but the efficiency of hydrogen is considerably higher in fuel cells. Hydrogen electric vehicles are zero-emission drivelines, generally hybrid vehicles with a battery as used for buffer. HEVs are self-sufficient vehicles and are fast to refill easily. The European Union, under AFIR recommended expanding a huge network for sourcing hydrogen from renewable energy sources to scale up the infrastructure and overcome the tight bottlenecks.
2. e-fuels in Compare to battery-Powered Vehicles:
The e-fuels are the chemical combination of green hydrogen and CO2 capture. It is a zero-emission by CO2 compensation. Germany has opened the door to using e-fuel after the European Union ban in 2035.
Source: https://www.cng-mobility.
3. Bio Fuels:
Biofuels such as ethanol, biodiesel, and biogas are the prime sources of energy for propelling vehicles. The biofuels are derived from biomass, which includes organic materials like crops, agricultural residues, algae, or waste products.
The common biofuels are:
i).Ethanol:
Ethanol is the extracted form of crops like corn, sugarcane, wheat etc and is commonly blended with gasoline to create ethanol-gasoline blends such as E10 (10% ethanol, 90% gasoline) or E85 (85% ethanol, 15% gasoline).
Figure 1 The Toyota Innova Hycross Flex Fuel MPV is designed to operate exclusively on Ethanol
ii). Biodiesel:
Biodiesel is the product from the residual of vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled cooking grease. It can be used in diesel engines either by mixing with petroleum diesel in blended form or directly in pure form.
iii) Biogas:
Biogas is the product of the anaerobic digestion of organic matter like agriculture waste, sewage, or landfill. The vehicles running on compressed natural gas (CNG) or the converted vehicles run on bio-methane use biogas as fuel.
4. Compressed Air Vehicles (CAV):
Compressed Air Vehicles (CAVs) are vehicles powered by compressed air stored in onboard tanks. The concept of using compressed air as a power source for vehicles has gained attention as a potential alternative to traditional internal combustion engines or electric vehicles.
The compressed air is stored in a tank mounted on the vehicle. This stored energy is then used to power the vehicle’s engine or motor.
5. Solar-Electric Vehicles (SEV):
Solar electric vehicles (SEVs) are those, which use energy from the direct Sun i.e. solar energy to produce electricity for propelling the vehicles. These vehicles usually include solar panels, which receive sunlight and transform it into electrical energy this electrical energy is then stored in batteries, and from the battery, this energy is used to power the electric motor of the vehicles for developing the propulsive power.
Figure 2 The Squad Solar City Car, as presented of the Fully Charged 2022 event in Amsterdam
Solar panels are made up of photovoltaic cells, which are used to convert sunlight into electricity through the photovoltaic effect.
Solar electric vehicles are powered by electric motors. The electricity generated from the solar panels is used to charge the vehicle’s batteries, which in turn power the electric motor. Some SEVs also can directly power the motor using solar energy during operation.
Conclusion:
To shift towards a more sustainable and integrated transportation system a sole carbon-neutral mobility system or a combination of new technologies and strategies is required to implement, even though battery electric vehicles play a substantial and diversified role in addressing the challenges of carbon emissions in the transport sectors.
Many innovations and technologies are there to cope with and solve issues like carbon emissions and sustainable mobility.
Carbon-neutral mobility is the demand and the future of the coming era for a more eco-friendly and sustainable environment.
Let us come together to achieve the goal for our future generation.
The batteries of Electric cars are facing trouble in cold weather and this affects their performance. The batteries are being discharged soon and taking a long time to recharge again.
Certain temperature windows are optimal for batteries in terms of their life span and effective capacity. If the battery can be kept within this window without the need to cool or heat, it will perform at its best and give the electric car the longest possible range.
In cold weather, the batteries became cool and it required additional support to reach the optimum operating temperature. In addition, the battery contributes to heating the car interior at that time, which increases the electricity consumption slightly.
Source: https://www.skoda-storyboard.com/en/
However, with a few simple steps, the user can ensure that consumption is minimized again and the battery operates in a way that does not negatively impact its overall life. It is similar to the various pieces of advice on extending the life of internal combustion engines in conventional cars, only most of the advice relates to something slightly different.
1. Preheating the Electric cars and the battery:
One ideal way to reduce an electric car‘s consumption, especially on shorter journeys, is to preheat both the car and the battery. It is particularly ideal to switch and preheat when charging the car.
Source: https://www.skoda-storyboard.com/en/
2. Efficient Heating of electric cars:
Even heating the electric car itself can be done efficiently to keep consumption as low as possible. For example, using seat or steering wheel heating is more efficient in terms of keeping the occupants warm than heating the cabin air alone. The heating can be turned down to a lower temperature and comfort can be provided by, for example, warming the seats.
Source: https://www.skoda-storyboard.com/en/
3. Smart Parking:
In the cold morning, it is generally essential to heat the car before taking a start. To avoid or minimize this, it either is always advisable to park your car in a garage or sheltered place. It is also advisable to connect your car in charge to preheat at a desired temperature while parking it.
Source: https://www.skoda-storyboard.com/en/
4. Anticipatory Parking:
The goal of anticipatory parking in this context would be to optimize the EV driving experience by reducing the time spent searching for parking spaces, promoting efficient use of energy, and potentially contributing to overall traffic management. Particular is the driver who has the biggest influence on an electric car’s range. In winter, anticipatory driving is more important than ever. As well as providing, a longer range is also safer on winter roads. So keep a safe distance from the cars ahead. Slow down smoothly for corners and use a driver assistance system to help you drive at even speed.
Source: https://www.skoda-storyboard.com/en/
5. Tyre Condition is Important:
Tyre maintenance in winter is very essential for safety and optimal performance. The tyre pressure, traction, and overall durability are significantly affected by the condition of tyre and its pressure.
Source: https://www.skoda-storyboard.com/en/
6. No Unnecessary Cargo:
A higher cargo weight means more energy is needed to move it. So make sure that you don’t have unnecessary items in your car that increase energy consumption.
Source: https://www.skoda-storyboard.com/en/
7. Ecco Mode:
Electric cars have a special Eco mode that limits certain functions and power consumption, thus extending the range. This Ecco system can also be used in winter for the optimum result.
Source: https://www.skoda-storyboard.com/en/
8. Ideal equipment for winter:
Special equipment can also help electric cars to extend their range. Suitable winter tyres with low rolling resistance or LED headlights can reduce consumption. An optional heat pump can be used for heating to reduce consumption compared to conventional electric heating.
Cold weather causes challenges for electric vehicle owners. Electric Vehicles are getting frozen in cold weather. It is experienced by many electric vehicle drivers and even experts say that cold weather is causing a 30% loss in battery range and an increased charge time (approx. Triple) for electric vehicles.
Electric vehicles are facing problems like fall in performance, less battery life, bigger charge times, etc.
In a city like Pennsylvania in the United States, cold weather is causing serious problems for electric vehicle owners. In winter weather at extreme cold, the batteries of electric vehicles are going discharge faster and take much extra time to recharge it again.
An electric car owner at a Tesla charging station near Chicago shared that “I was at 50% when I got here and usually it takes 10 to 15 minutes to charge from 50 to 80, 90% but now in the cold it is taking an hour and 20 minutes for the same.
Reason for Battery-Troubles of Electric Vehicles in Cold:
Source: Tricky_Shark/Shutterstock.com
The experts of electric battery and fuel cells states the cold weather is causing organic chemical reactions within the chemical substances of the electric battery and that slows down its performance exponentially. The experts say battery range for electric vehicles can be reduced by up to 30% in the cold and at zero degrees can lose 10 times the amount of power. The re-charging of the batteries can take double and even triple times in the cold.
As told by the battery & fuel cells specialist and Chair Professor at Penn State’s Department of Material Science and Engineering, Mr. Chao- Yang Wang, told, “The chemistry in the battery will slow down almost exponentially with the decreasing temperature”.
As of now, the current electric vehicle charging infrastructure is less in number and at are far in distance which is also a trouble for the electric vehicle owner to go for a long in the cold.
The characteristics of lithium-ion batteries are very sensitive to excess temperature in cold weather. The battery-making companies are working continuously to develop better technology to nullify the existing defects and improve the performance of electric vehicles for all climates.
Electric vehicle (EV) batteries can experience challenges in cold weather due to several factors:
Most electric vehicles use lithium-ion batteries, which are sensitive in case of excess temperatures. The efficiency of the lithium-ion batteries decreases in cold weather and the capacity to provide and accept the charge weakens. The chemical reactions within the battery become slower in colder temperatures and decrease the overall performance.
2. Reduced Energy Storage Capacity:
The energy storage capacity of lithium-ion batteries is minimal in cold weather. And when the temperature drops, the internal resistance of the battery rises, and it creates difficulty for electrons to move within the cells and the overall energy output of the battery decreases.
3. Increased Internal Resistance:
The internal resistances of the batteries are high in cold temperatures, which causes higher losses during the charging and discharging processes. This internal resistance can cause the battery to heat up during the process and this may further reduce the overall efficiency of the battery.
4. Charging Limitations:
In cold weather during charging the battery, gets overheated, and due to this reason, it takes longer time to charge the battery of the electric vehicles.
5. Range Reduction:
In cold, the battery energy of electric vehicles is used for heating the systems, which affects significantly the driving, range of the electric vehicles.
Solution of Electric Vehicles Battery Low Charge in Cold Weather:
Battery pre-conditioning:
To overcome the impact of cold weather on electric vehicle batteries, many electric vehicles are now coming with the facility of battery pre-conditioning systems. These systems are used to heat and the battery before starting the vehicle, which improves the performance of the battery.
Experts suggest using the pre-condition setting offered in some electric vehicles to optimize the battery performance in cold weather. Drivers should also ensure a full charge and keep their electric vehicles in warmer condition when not in use as possible.
Whenever electric vehicle drivers notice that their vehicles are performing less in the cold, They should know to practice some necessary tips to maximize the battery life and better performance.
Conclusions:
The electric vehicle market is growing globally and many different players like Tesla, BYD, Toyota, Hyundai, Mercedes, and many more are involved in manufacturing and R&D.
Despite, the current battery technology has trouble in combating the issue; however, innovations are going on by different institutions. The scientific solution to this problem is available but it will take time for the automobile industries to implement it practically. It is expected that within four to five years this problem will go away completely.
By the time, a basic preparatory work is required to do before you make a trip, like checking you’re a battery at its full charge capacity, and pre-heating of the vehicle.
During January 8-14, the second week (W2) of the year 2024, China’s electric vehicles market showed mixed development, with some brands continuing to decline while others already started growing, especially the major manufacturers like Li Auto, Aito, and Tesla. BYD was down by 09%, Tesla was up by 130%, and Nio was down by 43% from the week before. A surprise lift and lead over Li Auto was held by the electric vehicle startup Aito.
Source: Li Auto, Based on Insurance registration
A weekly sale data published by Li Auto based on the weekly insurance registrations of the cars sold. The numbers present new energy vehicles i.e. BEVs, PHEVs, and EREVs (Range extenders electric vehicles).
BYD Electric Vehicles:
BYD got the first spot, registering 40,300 electric vehicles, and is still lagging by 9.23% from 44,400, the week before. In the first half of the month i.e. during 1st-14th January, BYD sold 84,700 in China.
The sole model on sale of BYD’s Brand was YangWang, a 1.089 million yuan i.e 153,000 U.S dollar, dedicated SUV YangWang U9, registered 1060 vehicles and was 16.9% less than the week before.
Another brand of BYD, Fang Cheng Bao (FCB), also has a sole model known as Bao5 was on sale, it was registered for 1060 vehicles and was 5% less than the week before. Fang Cheng Bao is also a premium brand but is much cheaper than the number one brand YangWang. Bao 5 UV is priced around 300,000 yuan i.e. 42,000 U.S dollars.
The third brand of BYD is Denza, which was formerly a joint venture with Mercedes-Benz, which came into control of BYD in 2021. It ranked above BYD Badged cars but is below the brand Fang Cheng Bao (FCB). A total number of 1500 cars were registered Denza which was 6.25% lower than the 1600 cars the week before. In the first half, i.e. during 1st-14th January, Denza sold 3100 cars in China.
Source: Li Auto, Based on Insurance registration
Tesla Electric Vehicles market In China:
The total number of EVs registered by the Brand Tesla was enormously high and was a total of 7400 electric vehicles, up by 131.25% from 3,2000 the week before. In the first half of January 2024 i.e in the period 1st to 14 January, Tesla sold a total number of 10,600 electric vehicles in China.
Source: Li Auto, Based on Insurance registration
Nio EVs Manufacturer:
The other manufacturer Nio, registered a total number of 1,700 EVs, and was less by 43.33% from 3000 the week before. In the first half of the month of January 2024, Nio sold only 4,700 EVs in China.
Source: Li Auto, Based on Insurance registration
Huawei’s Aito:
Huawei’s Aito, got a second-time first spot among the startups for Electric Vehicles, registering a total number of 6,800 vehicles which is 15.25% up from 5900 vehicles the week before. In the first half of the month of January 2024, i.e. from 1st to 14th, Aito sold a total number of 12800 vehicles in China. Aito manage to sell both battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and Range extenders electric vehicles (EREVs).
A big surprise of 2023 is the sales figure of Aito, as Huawei got tired of its struggling sales and used its deep pocket to introduce radical price cuts and various benefits, and surprisingly it worked. Aito jumped from 2K-3K monthly sales to almost 25000 vehicles sold in the month of December 2023 and became a relevant player in the tight China Electric Vehicle race.
Source: Li Auto, Based on Insurance registration
Li Auto:
Li Auto gave a very close fight to Huawei’s Aito, as it was closely second in electric vehicles startup sales and it registered 6800 vehicles which is around 58.14% from 4300 the week before. From the 1st to the 14th of January, in the first half of the month, li Auto sold 11,000 vehicles in China. Li Auto sells only Range Extenders electric vehicles (EREVs).
The third position was grabbed by Changan’s Deepal, which makes 3300 vehicles and is less by 2.94% from 3400 the week before. From the first to 14 January, in the first half of the month, Deepal sold 6700 vehicles in China. The two models SL03 sedan and S7 SUV of Deepal comes in battery electric vehicles(BEVs), Range Extenders electric vehicles (EREVs), and Fuel cell electric vehicles(FCEVs).
Volkswagen sold 3500 electric vehicles and is down by 7.89% from 3800, the week before. From the first to 14 January, in the first half of the month, Volkswagen sold 7300 electric vehicles in China.
Conclusion:
The electric vehicles market in all around the world is booming and the China market is all time high for alternative fuel vehicles specially for the electric vehicles manufacturing and the sells. in the first half of the month January 2024 , the Chinese manufacturer BYD response is comparatively good and is the major seller of all electric vehicles. And Li auto is just behind the BYD.
An electric vehicle (EV) is an automobile that makes use of one or more electric power system to propel the vehicle. The electric vehicles are powered by the energy stored in a collector system of an extravehicular source. Even they could be powered independently by using a battery (every so often charged with the aid of solar panels, or with the aid of changing gasoline to energy the use of gasoline cells or a generator).
Electric vehicles comprise street and rail motors, submerged vessels, electric-powered spacecraft, and planes. Electric vehicles were first introduced in the late nineteenth century, while energy became a few of the desired strategies for motor automobile propulsion. Internal combustion engines have been the main propulsion technique for automobiles for the last hundred years, whereas, electric-powered energy has remained common in different automobiles like trains and smaller motors.
Different Types of Electric Vehicles are:
1. Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV):
A battery unit charged by electricity solely powers the battery electric vehicle. The battery electric vehicles entirely depend on the electricity stored in the battery, for power to run the vehicles and there is no internal combustion engine to propel or give power to the wheels of these vehicles.
The battery electric vehicles are charged by plugging into an electric power source at home or the charging station.
Figure 1 Battery Electric Vehicle
Component of Battery Electric Vehicle:
1. Electric Motor:
Electric motor is the primary propulsion system in the battery electric vehicle. The electric motor converts battery electrical energy into mechanical energy to the wheel of the vehicle.
2. Battery Pack:
The battery pack is the collection of individual cells that store electrical energy. These cells are usually lithium-ion batteries. The size and capacity of the battery pack determine the range of vehicles.
3. Power Inverter:
In electrical vehicles, the alternating current (A.C) powers the electric motor. The direct current (DC) from the battery is converted into alternating current by the power inverter.
4. Charging Port:
In battery-electric vehicles, there is a charging port, which is provided to recharge the battery through an external power source. There may be different types of connectors depending on the charging infrastructure.
5. Onboard Charger:
The onboard charger converts the AC power from the external source into DC power suitable for charging the battery.
6. Thermal Management System:
The thermal management system is essential for maintaining optimal operating temperatures of both the battery and the electric motor. This system helps to ensure the long life and effectiveness of electrical components like the battery and the motor.
7. Vehicle Control Unit (VCU) and Battery Management System (BMS):
The vehicle control unit manages various vehicle functions and the battery management system monitors and manages the state of charge, temperature, and the overall health of the battery.
Working Principles of Battery Electric Vehicles:
The working principles of battery electric vehicles can be described as explained below:
1. Charging:
The battery electric vehicle is charged by plugging it into an external power source. The onboard charger converts AC power from the source into DC power to charge the battery.
2. Battery Storage:
The battery stores the electrical energy into chemical form. The energy is later converted back to electricity to power the electric motor.
3. Discharging:
When the driver accelerates the vehicle, the VCU (Vehicle Control Unit) sends signals to the power inverter, which converts DC power from the battery into AC power for the electric motor.
4. Propulsion:
The electric motor uses this electrical energy to generate mechanical energy, driving the wheels and propelling the vehicle.
5. Regenerative Braking:
During braking. The electric motor can act as a generator, converting kinetic energy back into electrical energy. This energy is then fed back into the battery, enhancing the overall efficiency.
2. Fuel –Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV):
A fuel-cell electric vehicle is an electric vehicle that uses a fuel cell to generate electricity on board. These vehicles generate electricity through a chemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen in a fuel cell.
The hydrogen and oxygen in water produce electricity and release heat as a byproduct. A fuel cell vehicle also known as a hydrogen fuel cell vehicle operates on a different principle compared to battery electric vehicles.
The most common type of fuel cell used in FCEVs is the proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell.
Figure 2.a. Hydrogen Fuel Electric Vehicle Layout
Figure 2.b Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Block Diagram.
Component of Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles:
1. Fuel Cell Stack:
The fuel cell stack is the heart of an FCEV. It consists of multiple individual fuel cells that use a chemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity. The most common type of fuel cell for FCEVs is the proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell.
The chemical reaction is 2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O + electrical energy.
2. Hydrogen Tank:
The fuel cell electric vehicles store compressed gas in high-pressure tanks. The hydrogen is then delivered to the fuel cell stack when needed.
3. Power Control unit:
The power control unit manages the flow of electrical power between the fuel cell stack and the electric motor. It may include power electronics to regulate the voltage and current for optional performance.
4. Electric Motor:
These fuel vehicles are equipped with an electric motor that is powered by the electricity generated in the fuel cell stack. This motor drives the wheel of the vehicle.
5. Battery (optional):
In some FCEVs, a small battery can be included to store excess energy generated by the fuel cell stack. This battery can provide additional power during acceleration or other high–demand situations.
6. Air Intake:
For the electrochemical reaction with hydrogen, the FCEVs pull the atmospheric air through the air intake system to provide the necessary oxygen to the fuel cell.
7. Water Vapour Release:
The byproduct of the chemical reaction in the fuel cell is water vapor, which is released as part of the vehicle’s emissions.
Working Principles of Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles:
1. Hydrogen Intake:
Compressed hydrogen gas is taken from the high-pressure storage tank and fed into the fuel cell stack.
2. Electrochemical Reaction:
In the fuel cell stack, hydrogen reacts with oxygen from the air to produce electricity, water vapor, and heat. The generated electricity that powers the electric motor.
3. Electricity Generation:
The electric motor uses the generated electricity to propel the vehicle. The electric motor works like that of battery electric vehicles.
4. Water Vapor Release:
The only emission from a fuel cell vehicle is water vapor, making it a clean and environmentally friendly option.
5. Regenerative Braking:
Similar to battery electric vehicles, some Fuel cell electric vehicles incorporate regenerative braking, where the electric motor acts as a generator during braking to recover energy and charge the battery if present.
Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles are considered environmentally friendly because they produce zero emissions at the tailpipe, and their only byproduct is water vapor. However, challenges include the development of a hydrogen infrastructure for refueling and the energy-intensive process of producing hydrogen.
3. Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle:
A plug-in hybrid vehicle is a type of hybrid vehicle that combines features of both traditional internal combustion engine vehicles and battery electric vehicles. Plug-in hybrid vehicles have the ability to operate on electric power alone for a certain distance and can also use an internal combustion engine for longer journeys. The key feature of a PHEV is its ability to be charged by plugging into an external power source.
Figure 3 Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Component of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles
1. Electric Motor:
PHEVs are equipped with an electric motor that can propel the vehicle using electricity stored in a battery. The electric motor works in tandem with the internal combustion engine.
2. Battery Pack:
PHEVs have a larger battery pack compared to traditional hybrids, allowing them to store more electrical energy for extended electric-only driving. The battery is typically charged by plugging into an electric power source.
3. Internal Combustion Engine:
PHEVs also have a traditional internal combustion engine, usually powered by gasoline or diesel, which provides additional range when the battery is depleted.
4. Charging Port:
PHEVs are equipped with a charging port that allows the vehicle to be connected to an external power source, such as a standard electrical outlet or a dedicated charging station.
5.Onboard Charger:
The onboard charger converts AC power from the external source into DC power suitable for charging the battery.
6.Power Control Unit (PCU):
The PCU manages the power flow between the electric motor, the battery, and the internal combustion engine, optimizing efficiency and performance.
7. Regenerative Braking:
PHEVs often feature regenerative braking, where the electric motor acts as a generator during braking to convert kinetic energy back into electrical energy, which is then used to charge the battery.
Working Principle of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles:
1.Electric-Only Mode:
In electric-only mode, the PHEV operates using electricity stored in the battery. This mode is suitable for shorter trips and can be used for commuting or driving in urban areas.
2. Hybrid Mode:
When the battery charge is depleted or additional power is needed for high-demand situations, the internal combustion engine kicks in, and the vehicle operates in a hybrid mode. In this mode, both the electric motor and the internal combustion engine work together to provide power to the wheels.
3. Charging:
PHEVs can be charged by plugging into an electric power source. The battery can be charged overnight using a standard electrical outlet or more quickly using a dedicated charging station.
4.Fueling:
For longer trips or when the battery is depleted, PHEVs can be fueled like traditional vehicles at gas stations, using gasoline or diesel.
PHEVs offer a balance between the benefits of electric-only driving and the flexibility of a traditional internal combustion engine, making them a suitable choice for drivers who want to reduce their fuel consumption and emissions without sacrificing the convenience of longer driving ranges.
3. Mild Hybrid Electric Vehicle
A Mild Hybrid Electric Vehicle (MHEV) is a type of hybrid vehicle that incorporates a small electric motor to assist the internal combustion engine. Unlike full hybrid or plug-in hybrid vehicles, MHEVs cannot operate on electric power alone for an extended period; instead, the electric motor provides support to the conventional engine. The primary purpose of the electric motor in MHEVs is to improve fuel efficiency and reduce emissions.
Figure 4 full Hybrid and mild hybrid vehicles
Components of Mild Hybrid Electric Vehicle:
1.Electric Motor:
MHEVs have a small electric motor that assists the internal combustion engine during acceleration and other high-demand situations. This motor is generally not powerful enough to propel the vehicle on its own.
2.Battery:
MHEVs feature a small battery, typically with a lower capacity than the batteries in full hybrid or plug-in hybrid vehicles. The battery stores energy captured during braking and deceleration, which is then used to assist the engine.
3.Start-Stop System:
Many MHEVs are equipped with a start-stop system, where the internal combustion engine turns off when the vehicle is stationary, such as at traffic lights. The electric motor helps restart the engine quickly and smoothly when needed.
4. Regenerative Braking System:
MHEVs often employ regenerative braking, similar to full hybrid vehicles. The electric motor acts as a generator during braking, converting kinetic energy into electricity, which is then used to charge the small battery.
5. Power Assistance:
The electric motor provides additional power during acceleration, reducing the load on the internal combustion engine and improving overall fuel efficiency.
Working Principle of MHEVs:
1. Idle Start- Stop:
When the vehicle comes to a stop, the internal combustion engine is automatically turned off to save fuel. The small electric motor helps restart the engine quickly when the driver releases the brake or presses the accelerator.
2. Acceleration Assistance:
During acceleration, the electric motor provides additional power to assist the internal combustion engine, reducing fuel consumption.
3. Regenerative Braking System:
When the driver applies the brakes, the electric motor acts as a generator, capturing energy during deceleration. This energy is used to charge the small battery.
4. Battery Assistance:
The stored electrical energy in the small battery is used to provide additional power to the electric motor during acceleration or other situations where extra power is required.
MHEVs offer fuel efficiency benefits without the need for external charging. They are often positioned as a cost-effective and simpler alternative to full hybrids or plug-in hybrids, providing some of the advantages of electrification without significant changes to the vehicle’s overall design or driving experience.
Present Scenarios of Alternative Fuel Vehicles In India
Factors Driving The Shift To Greener Mobility
Affordability & Maintenance
Conclusions
Introductions:
Alternative fuel vehicles may be defined as a vehicle that is powered by any fuel other than conventional petroleum fuels (diesel or petrol).The term “alternative fuel,” as defined by the U.S. Department of Energy and the Energy Policy Act of 1992, refers to-:
biodiesel,
electricity,
ethanol,
hydrogen,
natural gas,
propane,
and new fuels, still under development
Why Alternative Fuel Vehicles:
India is the third-largest user of transport automobiles in the world and 70% of its transport energy need is fulfilled by importing fossil fuels.
“The aim is to gradually shift to fuels, which are import substitutes, cost-effective, indigenous and pollution-free.
Conventional Fuels are limited and depleting.
The conventional fuel (gasoline) is not renewable and a day will come when our vehicles will be useless with an empty stomach as there will be no fuel to fill in. Therefore, it is necessary to go for an alternative solution.
Alternative Fuels are Pollution-free
Alternative fuel vehicles do not emit harmful exhaust gases like carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, particulate matter, and sulfur dioxide as well as ozone-producing emissions.
Protect against global warming
Burning fossil fuels causes a temperature rise in the earth’s atmosphere i.e. global warming.
To Save Money
Alternative fuels are less expensive in terms of the cost of fuel and maintenance of the vehicle.
Present Scenarios of Alternative Fuel Vehicles In India:
As per the Economic Times Report, 20% of cars sold in metros run on alternate fuels; sales doubled in the last 3 years.
Present Scenarios of Alternative Fuel Vehicles In India:
The Economic Times report said that the market share of alternative vehicles increased to reach 12.95 percent in urban centers this year. And this was only 4.68 percent in 2020.
Rural areas have also seen a shift on similar lines where the market share for vehicles operating on alternate powertrains rose to 8.39 percent from 3.75 percent during the same period,
Certainly, this growing acceptance of hybrid and electric vehicles hit the combined share of diesel and petrol vehicles and has gone down by 8.27 percent in Urban and 4.64 percent in rural markets.
Factors driving the shift to greener mobility:
Government push and rebates to both the manufacturers and the end users, resulted in the car manufacturers launching more electric-powered vehicles, along with the expansion of CNG dispensing stations and growing charging infrastructure for EVs, which are driving the shift away from conventional fossil fuels.
Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid and) Electric Vehicles (FAME) – I and II:
FAME, or Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid and) Electric vehicles, is currently India’s flagship scheme for promoting electric mobility
In its 2nd phase of implementation, FAME-II is being implemented on 1st April 2019 with a budget allocation of 10,000 Cr.
Two Wheeler: Rs 15000/- per kWh up to 40% of the cost of vehicles
Two Wheeler: 2 kWh
2.
Three Wheeler: Rs 10000/- per kWh
Three Wheeler: 5 kWh
3.
Four Wheeler : Rs 10000/- per kWh
Three Wheeler: 15 kWh
4.
E Buses: Rs 20000/- per kWh
E Buses: 250 kWh
5.
E Trucks: Rs 20000/- per kWh
E Truck: 250 kWh
The government has initiated work on the third phase of the Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid &) Electric Vehicles in India (FAME-III) financial support scheme, which is likely to encompass alternative fuel vehicles,
According to a senior government official, there is a proposal to incorporate vehicles powered by alternative sources such as hydrogen and biofuels along with electric vehicles in the upcoming phase of FAME.
“The objective is to shift away from conventional polluting vehicles, and the incentive for alternative fuels aims to encourage the transition from internal combustion engine (ICE) to cleaner technology,” government officials observed
As per the ET report, the Managing director of Tata Motors passenger vehicle and Passenger electric mobility, “Diesel in any case is declining.
He added that for us, we are very clear that we have defined our net zero in 2040, which means a very fast acceleration of EVs.”
Affordability & Maintenance of Electric Car:
Running Cost of Tata Tiago Electric Car:
Monthly Charging Cost Rs. 750
Daily Charging Cost Rs. 25
Per KM charging Costs Rs. 0.5
This cost is calculated based on charging the vehicle at a rate of 6.5/ units of electricity and assuming a daily run of 50 kilometers.
Maintenance of Electric Car:
As there is no internal combustion engine and no moving parts, the wear and tear is zero, hence no need to keep regular maintenance like filling mobile oil, coolant, etc.
Only periodic Tyre and battery maintenance is required in all-electric vehicles.
Conclusion:
Many Indian manufacturers like Maruti and Tata Motors are working towards doubling their EV portfolio and offering different electric vehicles in the next few months.
The share of diesel vehicles has dropped to 15 percent from the peak of 88 percent,
The share of electric vehicle sales has risen to 14-15 percent.
The EV share is likely to grow further to 25 percent by 2027 and 50 percent by the end of the decade.
India is moving rapidly towards sustainability. Electric vehicle sales and market growth are the result of the reflection of sustainability. The transition towards sustainability reflects the growth in the Indian electric vehicles market and the sales growth. As per the report of JMK research, a promising growth trend is displayed in the month of September 2023, with an impressive sales surge of 36%. As per the report and the data from the Vahan dashboard and industry research, there is a month-on-month increase of approximately 1% in the sales of Electric vehicles, totaling 127,735 units.
The electric vehicle registrations including all-electric two-wheelers, passenger three-wheelers, and electric cars, in September 2023 are 90.85% of the total vehicle registrations for the month.
In September 2023, Electric Vehicle Sales according to category:
Hi-speed electric two-wheelers have experienced a remarkable increase in their sales. In September 2023, the Hi-Speed electric two-wheelers (HSE2W) sales growth in India was approximately 2% compared to the previous month and it went 63,715 units. A significant 90.75% of the total registrations for the month of September 2023 and compared to September 2022, HS E2W sales showed a surge of 20.22%.
Top Electric vehicle, High-Speed E2W Players in September 2023:
Ola Electric is the leader in the field of electric two-wheelers segment and it has maintained its leadership position with a sale of 18635 units in the month of September 2023. Ola Electric has an extensive 29.2% market share and TVS Electric has secured a second position in this category. Revolt is also in the top ten players for the month.
Electric Vehicle Three-Wheeler (E3W) Sales Trends:
Good and impressive sales were recorded in September 2023 for the passenger and the cargo electric three-wheelers (E3W). A 2.4% month-on-month increase in the sale of passenger electric three-wheelers (E3W) was recorded with sales of 52337 units. Cargo E3W sales reached 5107 units but there was a decline of 9.6% compared to the previous month. In addition, the overall electric three-wheeler (E3W) sales recorded a month-on-month rise of around 1.2%. On a year-on-year basis, passenger Electric three-wheeler (E3W) sales in September 2023 increased by around 56%, while cargo E3W sales grew by over 90% compared to September 2022.
Top E3W Players’ Monthly Sales:
Among passenger and cargo segments, the top eight electric three-wheeler players accounted for a substantial 35.63% share of the global electric three-wheeler (E3W) market. Mahindra holds the top position with an 8.64% market share, followed by YC Electric (6.96%) and Saera Electric Auto (5.47%).
Electric Cars and Buses:
In the electric car segment, Tata Motors dominates and its market share is 68.85%. However, electric car (E-Car) sales had a slight month-on-month drop of roughly 9.9% in September 2023. In fact, electric bus (E-bus) sales exhibited promise with a 26% year-on-year increase, totaling 258 units for September 2023. Tata Motors also led the Electric-bus category with a 65.50% market share.
Conclusion:
The Indian Electric vehicle market is growing rapidly with remarkable growth in its different important segments and addressing the national vow towards sustainable and green transportation solutions. The innovative transition towards sustainable development and the electric mobility future of India is a positive outcome.
