India is the fastest-growing and one of the world’s largest auto marketplaces and has a big population with millions of electric vehicle owners. There is a significant impact of environmental consciousness for the transition from gasoline-powered vehicles to electric vehicles throughout the globe and India is leading in the adoption of green fuel energy sources and electrical vehicles.
As per the IEA report, more than 90% of India’s 2.3 million electric vehicles are cheaper and are two & three-wheelers, motorbikes, and E-Rickshaws.
Analysts say that because of last decay’s enormous rise in fuel and consumers’ awareness of cost benefits, the government has announced a $1.3 billion federal plan to encourage electric vehicle manufacturing and to provide rebates for customers.
Have a look at how the government incentives and cost-conscious customers have given a boost to an electric vehicle boom in India:
1. Government Incentives for Electric Vehicles:
Policy Framework:
In the year 2015, the government of India has launched FAME (Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Electric (& Hybrid) Vehicles scheme. This scheme is to provide incentives for the purchase and usage of electric and hybrid vehicles.
Tax Incentives:
The Indian government has reduced the GST (Goods & services Tax) on electric vehicles as lowered as 5% only whereas the same on gasoline-powered vehicle is 28%.
Charging Infrastructure:
The Indian government is very much focused on creating a robust infrastructure of Electric Vehicles charging systems. The plan is to set up electric vehicles charging stations on highways and within the cities at a regular interval.
State Incentives:
All the states of India have their own policies of electric vehicle and they are offering some additional incentives, subsidies, and extra waivers to both the manufacturers and the consumers. For manufacturers, the state government provides land and electricity at subsidized rates, and for consumers, they may provide rebates in road taxes and rebates in the registration fee of the electric vehicles.
Promotion of Local Manufacturing:
The government has introduced the ‘Make in India’ initiative to support and boost local manufacturing. The goal is to make India a global hub for electric vehicle manufacturing in view of creating jobs for local people and also to reduce production costs.
2. Cost- Conscious Customers:
Lower Total Cost of Ownership:
However, the initial cost of purchasing the electric vehicles are comparatively high, but the total cost of ownership i.e. the cost of fuel, maintenance and other costing for the lifetime of the vehicles are comparatively lower in electric vehicles.
Economies of Scale:
The demand of electric vehicles are increasing day by day and subsequently it results the more production of the electric vehicles. This brings down the low cost of the manufacturing and resulting the lower market price of the electric vehicles.
Increase in More affordable Models:
During the initial stages of manufacturing the electric vehicles, the most available models were only in the premium segments. However, with the increase in demand of the electric vehicles and because of local manufacturing, more affordable models are coming in the market and it is more convenient to select and opt for the customers.
Environmental Awareness:
Swatch Bharat and Clean & Green Movement for pollution-free atmosphere is the major concern of everywhere. The increase in awareness among the consumers about the environment leads to electric vehicles.
Enormous Rise in fuel cost:
The consistent rise in fuel cost i.e. increasing cost of petrol and diesel in the major reason to shift towards alternative fuel and the electric vehicles.
Conclusion:
The collaboration of government policies along with the essential financial and environmental benefits of electric vehicles has created a rapid adoption of electric vehicles in India and even throughout the globe.
If the present trends continues and innovations & the technologies advances then India will definitely see a major transformation in the transportation sector and the automobile market.
The price range of electric vehicles depends on the battery size of the vehicle, the ability of the motors to power the vehicle and increase the range, the charging capability of the vehicle, and other additional features like infotainment or interior and exterior features.
The major factors that can affect the overall costs of owing an Electric Vehicles are:
1. Cost of Electric Vehicles Compared to Gas-Powered Vehicles.
Electric vehicles generally come with a higher price tag than gas-powered vehicles as per your choice of the make and model you want to drive.
However, few small and compact electric vehicles with acceptable range for city driving or small travels usually retail for a lower label price than many gas-powered SUVs or mid-size sedans.
Electric vehicles require less maintenance and no cost of periodic oil changes after every three to five thousand miles as required for gasoline-powered vehicles. However, the electric parts are more expensive to repair or replace in case of wear and tear and accidental damages, though the life of lithium-ion batteries is generally around 10 years. The wheel tires of an electric vehicle are of the same life as those of gas-powered vehicles.
Because of a unique structure and higher cost of repairs of an electric vehicle, the insurance premium cost is greater as compared to the gasoline- powered vehicles.
2.Costs of Powering an Electric Vehicles:
What makes Electric Vehicles so appealing to drivers beyond the eco-accommodating emanations is the capacity to control a vehicle exclusively on electric battery power. Electric vehicles run on the energy produced by an electric engine, which is estimated in kilowatts. Higher kilowatt yields equivalent to more ability to speed up and support the EV.
Like the idea of a gas-powered motor, the more power you feed your vehicle, the more speed and taking care of you get from the vehicle. Rather than searching for an all-the-more impressive motor filled by gas, EVs convey power in light of the vehicle’s battery limit in kilowatt-hours (kWh), which lets you know how much energy a vehicle stores in the battery pack.
3. Basic Charging Costs:
The expense of charging your EV in light of kilowatt-hours will likewise affect the general cost of an electric vehicle. The most costly charge comes from public quick charging stations, however assuming that you plan out your charging timetable to routinely re-energize at your home, you’ll bring about insignificant energy costs.
You can find out about the genuine expense of running an EV in light of the amount it expenses to re-energize the battery. For instance, utilizing a normal 120-volt power source (a similar one you’d use to connect your toaster oven) takes a normal of 40-50 hours to completely charge an electric battery at the most minimal power level. With the typical expense of power at 15 pennies for every kWh, you’re still just paying $7.50 max to charge your vehicle.
Most EVs offer a level 2 charging connector you can equip for your home. These regularly run 240 volts, diverting seriously charging capacity to the battery. Level 2 charges top off your battery power in a normal of 4-10 hours, bringing your costs down to $1.50 or less. Kilowatt-hour rates differ broadly by state, yet utilizing the public typically assists you with computing a good guess of how driving an EV puts on your electric tab.
4. Costs for Fast Charges:
As an EV driver, you are probably spending significantly less to control up as opposed to filling your vehicle. Yet, maneuvering into a quick charging station builds your energy costs.
That is because the advantageous quick charge costs more each kilowatt-hour, frequently twofold or more than the normal cost you would pay at home. For instance, EVgo, from one side of the country to the other, quick charging station, charges non-individuals 34 pennies for each kWh or 29 pennies for fundamental-level individuals in addition to expenses.
To try not to pay something else for a battery re-energize, plan to control up for the time being, saving quick charges for times when it is very important, like startling traffic or during a long excursion.
5. Conclusion:
The electric vehicles are the future of the road conveyance and transportation system. These alternative fuel vehicles are the demand of next generation for a sustainable growth and clean & green environment. Thus people should be come forward to think and adopt the new era vehicles and the electric vehicles are the best option in this way.
The electric vehicles are a little costlier as compared to the gas-powered vehicles but with the innovations and the upcoming developments, the EVs will be more compatible and cheaper with many government incentives and rebates, which are already offered in many states and countries.
Kentucky in the U.S., where the automotive industry carries on to lead the way, from producing the Ford Super Duty vehicles to leading the nation in EVs(electric vehicles) related projects.
In a news release, Gov. Andy Beshear said; “This is an unbelievable update that now Kentucky will be the center of the battery electric vehicle division,”.
New Lexus ES 300 Hybrid & RAV4 Hybrid at Georgetown Kentucky plant
Kentucky in the U.S., where the automotive industry carries on to lead the way, from producing the Ford Super Duty vehicles to leading the nation in EVs(electric vehicles) related projects.
In a news release, Gov. Andy Beshear said; “This is an unbelievable update that now Kentucky will be the center of the battery electric vehicle division,”.
Why is the new Electric Vehicles car Toyota making in Kentucky?
Toyota selected Kentucky because it was the first stand-alone plant of Toyota Motor in America. So, Kentucky is the home place for Toyota in manufacturing.
Already, Toyota has a plant in the U.S. with a capacity to produce nearly 250,000 small cars a year, through NUMMI (New United Motor Manufacturing Corp.), a joint-venture company with General Motors Corp., where subcompact Nova passenger cars are being produced.
Now, the independently owned Toyota site will be in Kentucky, Georgetown. Here in this new plant, Toyota is expecting to produce 200,000 cars a year.
This is not a surprise that, Toyota announced to start building cars on its own in the United States.
Since 1st April 1981, Japanese automakers are laboring under “voluntary” import quotas. This Voluntary import quota system restricts to held their shipments to the American market down to a sanctioned limit of 1.68 million cars a year. Eventually, that upper limit was lifted to 1.85 million units, and last year it was retained at almost 2.4 million cars a year.
In the United States, many other automakers from Japan had already a foothold in that market and they have already profited significantly as a result of those limitations, they may have charged higher prices as of restricted product availability.
But the Japanese be afraid that they would miss the more important battle for U.S. market share if they could not get around the quota allocations, or if they were forced, because of growing protectionist sentiments in this country, to work under even more severe restrictions.
Another route to a bigger market stake was to manufacture the cars where they are sold.
What new Electric Vehicles or car is Toyota making in Kentucky?
This vehicle is Toyota’s first U.S.-built all-electric SUV. It will be a three-row SUV.
James burley works on the assembly line at the Toyota Motor Manufacturing, Kentucky plant in Georgetown, U.S. Courtesy-ED Reinke, Associated Press.
Susan Elkington, the president of Toyota Kentucky, told; “We have already seen that the three-row SUV market has an expanding market, and the trend is changing towards electrification of the products and people are switching more to electrification.”
In support of SUV production in Kentucky, Toyota has announced to invest $2.1 million for new infrastructure in its North Carolina battery manufacturing plant.
Toyota has already announced in the year 2021, to invest approx. $461 million in Kentucky factory to build bigger and more battery electric vehicles by the year 2025.
Elkington said Toyota was capable to carry on production in the Commonwealth while adapting and updating the capacity over the last few years to get ready for the launch of the all-electric SUV.
Elkington told, “In fact, our journey here in Kentucky has occurred over several years before now”. “We are creating the compulsory modifications and also enduring existing manufacture, which saves the employment of all our associates.”
What is a Battery Electric Vehicle?
A Toyota Car in the drive way at Toyota Motor Manufacturing Kentucky plant at Georgetown.
Ted Ogawa, CEO and the president of Toyota Motor conveyed a message that “We are committed to reducing carbon emission as much as possible and as early as possible”. Switching to battery-electric vehicles is the probable way to achieve this goal of a cleaner and greener planet and the surroundings.
What is Toyota Motor Manufacturing at Kentucky?
Toyota Kentucky President Susan Elkington celebrates with employees after announcing the facility with assemble Toyota first Battery Electric Vehicle in U.S. Toyota Motor.
Toyota explained that the Kentucky plant was opened 37 years back and since then the company has already invested more than $8.5 billion.
Bashear of Toyota Motors said that, In the commonwealth, Toyota was a vital part of the automotive industry and now the company is positioned to help lead us into the further.
As per the press release from the Governor’s office, the Battery Electric Vehicle SUV project is a part of the Toyota commitment for a $591 million future project at the Georgetown site.
For Toyota Motors in Kentucky, the Kentucky Economic Development Finance Authority sanctioned a performance-based incentive. The contract can make open up to $240 million in cumulative tax benefits
based on the company’s total collective investment of nearly $2.8 billion across projects with a yearly job goal requirement of up to 8,950 over the period of the contract. If Toyota meets the requirements, the company will be qualified to keep a portion of the new tax income it creates.
Conclusion:
Toyota Motor Company is ready to start its battery electric vehicle manufacturing at its already built-up and running plant in Kentucky.
It is expected to produce its BEV SUV from the start of the year 2025.
Ted Ogawa, CEO and the president of Toyota Motor conveyed a message that “We are committed to reducing carbon emission as much as possible and as early as possible”.
As per the press release from the Governor’s office, the Battery Electric Vehicle SUV project is a part of the Toyota commitment for a $591 million future project at the Georgetown site.
For Toyota Motors in Kentucky, the Kentucky Economic Development Finance Authority sanctioned a performance-based incentive.
The contract can make offer up to $240 million in cumulative tax incentives based on the company’s total collective investment of nearly $2.8 billion across projects with a yearly job goal requirement of up to 8,950 over the period of the contract. If Toyota meets the requirements, the company will be qualified to keep a portion of the new tax income it creates.
An electric vehicle (EV) is an automobile that makes use of one or more electric-power systems for propulsion. The electric vehicles are powered by the energy stored in a collector system of an extravehicular source. Even they could be powered independently by using a battery (every so often charged with the aid of using solar panels, or with the aid of using changing gasoline to energy the use of gasoline cells or a generator).
Electric vehicles are not limited only to street and rail motors but also include underwater vessels, electric-powered spacecraft, and planes. EVs first got here into life within side the overdue nineteenth century, while energy became a few of the desired strategies for motor automobile propulsion, supplying a stage of consolation and simplicity of operation that couldn’t be finished with the aid of using the fuel motors of the time. Internal combustion engines have been the dominant propulsion technique for motors and vans for approximately a hundred years, however, electric-powered energy remained common in different automobile types, which include trains and smaller motors of all types.
TYPES OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES:
A total of Four types of electric or alternative fuel vehicles are available.
The BEVs are fully powered by electricity. And these vehicles are more efficient in comparison of hybrid and plug-in hybrid vehicles.
BEVs are also known as All-Electric Vehicles (AEV). The Electric Vehicles based on BEV technology runs completely on a battery-powered electric drive system. In BEVs, the electric power used to run the vehicle is primarily stored in large batteries and these batteries can be charged by plugging this into the electric power grid. The charged batteries give power to the electric motors, which then give motion to the electric car.
Main Components of BEVs:
The BEVs’ main components are an electric motor, Inverter, Battery, Control Module, and Drive train.
Electric Motor
Power Inverter
Battery Pack
Charging port
Onboard Charger
Power electronic control module
Auxiliary batteries.
Working Principles of BEVs:
The DC battery power is converted to AC power and transferred to the electric motor. And while the accelerator pedal is used to press, the controller unit receives a signal and regulates the speed of the vehicle by making the required changes in the frequency of the AC power coming from to inverter to the motor. And it leads the wheel to turn through a gearwheel. When the vehicle decelerates and the brake is applied the motor acts as an alternator and generates power to charge the battery.
Examples of BEVs:
A few common examples of battery-electric vehicles on road are:
Hybrid electric vehicles are categorized into two types: –
i). Hybrid Electric Vehicle(HEVs)
ii). Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs)
i) HEVs:
The Hybrid Electric Vehicle uses both an internal combustion engine (ICE) (a petrol/diesel engine) and a battery pack with electric motors to run.
It is powered by the electric motor which runs through the energy stored in batteries, either by the Internal combustion engine or both.
HEVs are not very efficient in comparison with fully battery electric or plug-in hybrid vehicles.
The powertrains of a hybrid electric vehicle are designed to power the cars in series, parallel, or series-parallel (power split) methods.
#Series HEV:
In a series of hybrid electric vehicles, only the electric motor is used to drive the vehicle whereas the internal combustion engine gives power to the generator which in turn recharges the battery.
#Parallel HEV:
The parallel hybrid electric vehicle is based on driving conditions. And this uses the best available power source to propel the vehicle. For the continuous movement of the vehicles, the driving power is alternated between the battery electric motor and the internal combustion engine.
#Series-Parallel HEV:
The series hybrid electric vehicle is a combination of both the series and the series-parallel and gives split power. In this, the power is routed from the internal combustion engine alone or from the battery electric motor to drive the vehicle.
In a Hybrid electric vehicle, the battery is charged through a regenerative braking system. The regenerative braking system (RBS) gives better braking efficiency in dense traffic while running in the city. This enhances better fuel economy and also reduces carbon emissions. This also minimizes energy wastage and gives energy optimization.
Main Components of HEV:
The main component of HEVs are:
A Conventional Internal Combustion Engine,
Fuel Tank & Fuel Filter,
Transmission & Exhaust System,
A battery pack
An electric generator
AC/DC converter / Inverter
Power electronic control module
Thermal System(For Working Temperature Maintenance)
Working Principles of HEV:
In HEVs, the internal combustion engines get energy from the fuel i.e. either from gasoline(petrol/diesel) or from other types of fuels, and the electric motor runs with the help of a battery. The electric motor and the engine rotate the transmission altogether and move the wheels.
Examples of HEV:
Honda City Hybrid
Toyota Innova Hycross
Ferrari 296 GTB
Toyota Urban Cruiser Hyryder
Volvo XC90
Toyota Vellfire
Toyota Camry
ii). PHEVs:
Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles
The PHEVs use both the internal combustion engine and battery packs. The batteries are charged from an external plug-in socket. In PHEVs, the battery charging is done with external electric power instead of charging internally with the engine power. In addition, Plug-in Hybrid vehicles are more efficient than simple hybrid vehicles but it is less efficient than Battery electric vehicles.
The PHEVs are a series of hybrid vehicles with both engines and motors. These vehicles can run on conventional fuels like petrol/diesel or alternative fuels like biodiesel. And this can also be charged and powered by a rechargeable battery. The battery can be charged with external electric power points.
The PHEVs can run in 2 modes:
The All-Electric Mode vehicles, in which the motor and battery generate and supply all the power to the vehicles.
The other mode is the Hybrid Mode, where both electricity and gasoline fuel petrol/diesel are used.
The PHEVs start up in an all-electric mode and run using electricity until their battery pack is depleted.
In this type of vehicle, when the battery gets discharged or drains out, the engine comes into action, and the vehicle starts operating as a conventional gasoline engine vehicle i.e. non-plug-in hybrid vehicle. The PHEVs can be charged by plugging into an external electric power source. And also through an engine or regenerative braking system. In a regenerative braking system, when brakes are applied, the electric motor acts as a generator, and the energy generated is used to charge the battery. Also, PHEVs relatively smaller engines can be used as this is supported by the electric motor. This combination increases the car’s fuel efficiency without compromising performance.
Examples of PHEV:
The common PHEVs on road are
Porsche Cayenne S E-Hybrid,
BMW 330e,
Porsche Panamera S E-hybrid,
Chevy Volt,
Chrysler Pacifica,
Ford C-Max Energi,
Mercedes C350e,
Mercedes S550e,
Mercedes GLE550e,
Mini Cooper SE Countryman,
Ford Fusion Energi,
Audi A3 E-Tron,
BMW i8,
BMW X5 xdrive40e,
Fiat 500e,
Hyundai Sonata,
Kia Optima,
Volvo XC90 T8.
3.FCEVs:
The FCEVs stands for fuel cell electric vehicles.
fuel cell electric vehicles
In fuel cell electric vehicles, the electric energy is produced from chemical energy.
For example, hydrogen fuel energy.
The FCEVs are Zero-Emission Vehicles. The FCEVs work on ‘fuel cell technology’ to produce the electricity essential to run the vehicle. In this system, the chemical fuel energy is directly converted into electrical energy.
Main Components of FCEV:
The major components of PCEVs are:
Electric Motor
Fuel Cell Stack
Hydrogen Storage Tank
Battery
DC-DC Converter
Working Principles of FCEV:
In, Fuel–cell electric vehicles the propulsion system is similar to other electric vehicles. The FCEV produces the required electricity to propel the vehicle by itself only. The energy is stored as hydrogen and is converted to electricity by fuel cells. In addition, the FCEV doesn’t produce any harmful tailpipe emissions as there is no combustion of any fuel like the internal combustion engines.
Examples of FCEV:
The major FCEVs are:
Toyota Mirai,
River simple Rasa,
Hyundai Tucson FCEV,
Honda Clarity Fuel Cell,
Hyundai Nexo.
Conclusion:
Electric vehicle is the alternative fuel vehicle. These vehicles are the revolution of the automotive industries. The future of automobile is only based on the upcoming electric and other alternative fuel vehicles.
The governments globally is providing huge rebates and incentives to support the manufacturers and also to attract the customers.
The state governments are also giving extra incentives at their own level to promote the EVs.
Many manufacturers through out the globe are coming ahead to produce and promote their electric, hybrid and other alternative fuel vehicles at a very large scale.
Companies like Tesla, Toyota, Mercedes, Ford, Volvo, Tata, Maruti, Mahindra are already competing themselves to give a better product at a better price to their consumers.
Now is the time to switch for better mobility and move with zero or fewer emission options.
